Table 3.
Risk of bias of 24 included studies, based on the Risk of Bias In Non-randomized Studies of Interventions-I tool
|
Ref.
|
Confounding
|
Selection of participants
|
Classification of interventions
|
Deviations from intended interventions
|
Bias due to missing data
|
Measurement of outcomes
|
Selection of reported result
|
Overall rating
|
| Lee et al[39], 2017 | Moderate | Low | Low | Low | Moderate | Low | Low | Moderate |
| Abu Mweis et al[41], 2015 | Moderate | Low | Moderate | Low | Moderate | Low | Low | Moderate |
| Leenders et al[40], 2015 | Moderate | Moderate | Low | Low | Moderate | Low | Low | Moderate |
| Tayyem et al[42], 2014 | Moderate | Low | Low | Low | Low | Low | Low | Moderate |
| Rosato et al[43], 2013 | Moderate | Low | Low | Low | Moderate | Low | Low | Moderate |
| Vogtmann et al[50], 2013 | Low | Low | Low | Low | Moderate | Low | Low | Moderate |
| Annema et al[44], 2011 | Moderate | Low | Low | Low | Moderate | Low | Low | Moderate |
| Foschi et al[45], 2010 | Moderate | Moderate | Low | Low | Moderate | Low | Low | Moderate |
| Jedrychowski et al[32], 2010 | Moderate | Low | Moderate | Low | Moderate | Low | Low | Moderate |
| Williams et al[46], 2009 | Moderate | Low | Low | Low | Moderate | Low | Low | Moderate |
| Li et al[51], 2010 | Moderate | Low | Low | Low | Moderate | Low | Low | Moderate |
| Gallus et al[47], 2005 | Moderate | Low | Moderate | Low | Moderate | Low | Low | Moderate |
| Lin et al[36], 2006 | Low | Moderate | Low | Low | Moderate | Low | Low | Moderate |
| Satia-Abouta et al[48], 2004 | Moderate | Low | Low | Low | Moderate | Low | Low | Moderate |
| Voorrips et al[53], 2000 | Moderate | Moderate | Low | Low | Moderate | Low | Low | Moderate |
| Franceschi et al[29], 1998 | Moderate | Low | Moderate | Low | Moderate | Low | Low | Moderate |
| Levi et al[49], 1999 | Moderate | Low | Low | Low | Moderate | Low | Low | Moderate |
| Le Marchand et al[56], 1997 | Moderate | Low | Moderate | Low | Moderate | Low | Low | Moderate |
| Deneo-Pellegrini et al[57], 1996 | Moderate | Low | Low | Low | Moderate | Low | Low | Moderate |
| Theodoratou et al[37], 2007 | Moderate | Low | Low | Low | Moderate | Low | Low | Moderate |
| Deneo-Pellegrini et al[38], 2002 | Moderate | Low | Low | Low | Moderate | Low | Low | Moderate |
| Nomura et al[52], 2008 | Moderate | Low | Low | Low | Moderate | Low | Low | Moderate |
| Lin et al[55], 2005 | Moderate | Low | Low | Low | Moderate | Low | Low | Moderate |
| Michels et al[54], 2000 | Moderate | Moderate | Low | Low | Moderate | Low | Low | Moderate |