Table 2.

Immunological studies of-β-glucan.

Type of β-Glucan	Source	Immunomodulation effects/properties in vitro and in vivo	References
Lantinan	Lentinula edodes	Enhances the phenotypic and functional maturation of dendritic cells with significant IL −12 productions.	Wang et al. (112)
		Reduction in anti-inflammatory cytokines such as IL-4, IL-10. It significant increases weight gains, blood cells, monocytes, circulatory cytotoxic T-cells. It increases in cage-side health of acute myeloid leukemia demonstrated in animal studies in Male BN/RijHsd rats.	McCormack et al. (113)
		Increases NK cell-mediated killing of Yac-1 cells both in vitro and in vivo.	Vetvicka et al. (114)
		Enhances cytotoxic activity and inflammatory cytokines of macrophages and RAW 264.7 cell lines.	Chan et al. (115)
		Increases anti-tumor activity in BALB/c mice inoculated with S-180 cells.	Zhang et al. (116)
		Lentinan-activated macrophages and dendritic cells indirectly activate T cells via IL-12 and IFN-γ.	Murata et al. (117)
		Increases T cell functions in cancer patients.	Yoshino et al. (118)
Laminarin	Fronds of Laminaria	The increased population of B, T and macrophage cells due to the administration of laminarin in the normal mice as compared to BALB mice, demonstrated in in vivo studies.	Shang et al. (119)
	Laminaria digitata	Induces anti-cancerous effect by activating dendritic cells, antigen-specific T cells in the C57BL/6 rodents, and releases pro-inflammatory cytokines such as TNF-α, IL-12 and IL-6 in B16 melanoma cells.	Song et al. (120)
	Laminaria digitata	Enhancement in the expression of IL-6 and IL-8 in response to ex vivo LPS-induced in pigs due to 600 ppm dietary inclusion of laminarin.	Smith et al. (121)
	Brown algae	Interleukin (IL-6 and IL-1β) and TNF-α have been expressed in RAW 264.7 cells under in vitro conditions.	Lee et al. (122)
		Induces apoptosis via Fas pathway and blocks the insulin-like growth factor-I (IGF-1, which has a role in cancer development) receptor in human colon adenocarcinoma H29 cells.	Park et al. (123)
		Strong binding efficiency for Dectin-1 in macrophages isolated from C57BL/6 mice under in vitro conditions.	Brown et al. (124)
Zymosan	Saccharomyces. cerevisiae	Activates TLR 2 and Dectin-1 on macrophages.	Dennehy et al. (125)
		Increases cytokine production such as TNF-α and IL-12 via NF-kB signaling. Increases production of monocyte chemo-attractant protein-1.	Lebron et al. (126)
Schizophyllan	Schizophyllum commune	Increases the expression of cytokines and activity of NK cells.	Yoneda et al. (127)
	Fungal Schizophyllan	Inhibited spread of the virus in the lungs. Augmented protective immune responses induced by low doses of a live Sendai virus vaccine. It was determined through animal studies.	Hotta et al. (128)
Polysaccharide ganoderma	Ganoderma lucidum	Increases MAPKs and Syk-dependent TNF-α and IL-6 expressed in CHO cells RAW264.7 cells. It also increases anti-tumor activity.	Guo et al. (129)
		It induces human peripheral blood mononuclear cell proliferation and produces cytokines like IL-10 and IL-12.	Chan et al. (115)
Pleuran	Pleurotus ostreatus	Increases proliferation of lymphocytes.	Mitsou et al. (130)
PGG glucan	Saccharomyces cerevisiae	Induces activation of NF-κB like nuclear transcription factor in purified human neutrophils, and enhances neutrophil anti-microbial function.	Wakshull et al. (131)
Algal β-glucan	Durvillaea antarctica	Increases activation of CD19+ B lymphocytes under in vitro studies.	Bobadilla et al. (132)
Phycarine	Seaweed	Stimulate both humoral and cellular branches of immune reactions to cure gastrointestinal diseases under in vitro studies.	Vetvicka et al. (133)
	Laminaria digitata	Significantly stimulates phagocytic activity in animal studies.	Vetvicka and Yvin (134)
Scleroglucan	Sclerotium rolfsii	Increases in TNF-α in human monocytes.	Falch et al. (135)
Ulvan	Ulva intestinalis	Releases cytokines such as IL-1β, IL-4, IL-6, IL-10, IL-11, IL-12, IL-13 and TNF-α, and activation of RAW 264.7 cells under in vitro conditions.	Tabarsa et al. (136)
		Expresses anti-tumor activity as inhibited the cell growth of breast cancer cell line by the U. lactuta. It decreases the anti-apoptotic marker (BCL-2) and tumor suppressor gene (P53) under in vitro conditions.	Lahaye and Robic (137)