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. 2023 May 19;18(5):e0286070. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0286070

Fig 4. The effect of diet on developmental genes.

Fig 4

The impact of honey bees being fed pollen (POL) versus an artificial diet (AD), or an artificial diet with additives (ADA) on developmental gene expression relative to the reference gene RPS5a in abdomens from bees at TAMU and UT. (A-B) Relative mRNA expression of the gene encoding Vitellogenin (Vg). (C-D) Relative mRNA expression of juvenile hormone esterase (JHE), a proxy for juvenile hormone; n = 7 bees from 4 cups per condition per site. *p < 0.05, **p < 0.01, ***p < 0.001, post hoc pairwise comparisons using Tukey and Kramer (Nemenyi) test with Tukey distribution approximation for independent samples following Kruskal-Wallis.