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. 2023 May 16;10(5):ENEURO.0429-22.2023. doi: 10.1523/ENEURO.0429-22.2023

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Copyright © 2023 Sharma et al.

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International license, which permits unrestricted use, distribution and reproduction in any medium provided that the original work is properly attributed.

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Figure 3. — Dependence of evoked epidural spinal waveform on glutamatergic synapses. CNQX, a competitive AMPAR antagonist (1 mm, 100 μl) was applied to the superficial spinal cord surface. Evoked response are recoded before (control, gray), during (after CNQX, red), and after washout (green) of CNQX. The schematic at the lower right side of each panel shows the relative orientation and polarity of the stimulating electrodes (“Stim”), for a proximal cathode (A, blue) or proximal anode (B, orange) stimulation polarity, as well as the recording electrodes (“Recording”). Each panel shows the average evoked response from 20 pulses (40-μs pulse width). The top right inset in each panels magnifies the spinal response from 0 to 1.5 ms. Stimulation intensity was fixed across all panels. Identified waveform components of the response are labeled for the control condition, when observable, as P1, N1, P2, N2, and S1. A1, CNQX effects for cathode proximal stimulation with A versus B recording. A2, CNQX effects for cathode proximal stimulation with B versus C recording. A3, CNQX effects for cathode proximal stimulation with C versus D recording. B1, CNQX effects for anode proximal stimulation with A versus B recording. B2, CNQX effects for anode proximal stimulation with B versus C recording. B3, CNQX effects for anode proximal stimulation with C versus D recording. Figure Contributions: Mahima Sharma and Vividha Bhaskar performed the experiments. Mahima Sharma and Vividha Bhaskar analyzed the data.