Table 2.
Cox regression analysis predicting risk of all-cause, Alzheimer’s disease, vascular dementia, frontotemporal dementia from loneliness.
| All-cause dementia | Alzheimer’s disease | Vascular dementia | Frontotemporal dementia | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Model 1, # cases | 7,475/484,847 | 3,135/484,846 | 1,691/484,846 | 252/483,992 |
| Model 1, HR (95% CI) | 1.59 (1.51–1.65) | 1.41 (1.29–1.54) | 1.83 (1.63–2.04) | 1.65 (1.23–2.21) |
| Sensitivity analyses / Robustness check | ||||
| Model 1.1, # cases | - | 2,726/484,844 | 1,301/484,622 | 194/483,992 |
| Model 1.1, HR (95% CI) | - | 1.39 (1.27–1.53) | 1.92 (1.69–2.18) | 1.62 (1.16–2.26) |
| Model 1.2, # cases | 6,740/476,541 | 2,828/476,541 | 1,502/476,533 | 215/476,200 |
| Model 1.2, HR (95% CI) | 1.54 (1.46–1.64) | 1.40 (1.27–1.53) | 1.74 (1.54–1.97) | 1.55 (1.12–2.13) |
| Model 1.3, # cases | 7,056/484,847 | 3,000/484,761 | 1,627/484,622 | 236/483,992 |
| Model 1.3, HR (95% CI) | 1.60 (1.52–1.69) | 1.40 (1.28–1.53) | 1.83 (1.63–2.05) | 1.68 (1.25–2.28) |
| Model 1.4, # cases | 7,342/369,932 | 3,107/369,931 | 1,678/369,931 | 241/369,159 |
| Model 1.4, HR (95% CI) | 1.58 (1.49–1.67) | 1.40 (1.28–1.53) | 1.82 (1.62–2.03) | 1.78 (1.33–2.39) |
| Socioeconomic covariates | ||||
| Model 2, # cases | 7,475/484,847 | 3,135/484,846 | 1,691/484,846 | 252/483,992 |
| Model 2, HR (95% CI) | 1.57 (1.48–1.66) | 1.38 (1.27–1.51) | 1.78 (1.59–1.99) | 1.65 (1.23–2.22) |
| Model 2.1, # cases | 5,588/412,722 | 2,291/412,722 | 1,258/412,722 | 187/411,648 |
| Model 2.1, HR (95% CI) | 1.42 (1.33–1.51) | 1.24 (1.12–1.38) | 1.56 (1.37–1.79) | 1.76 (1.25–2.47) |
| Depression and Social Isolation | ||||
| Model 3, # cases | 6,791/455,659 | 2,856/455,659 | 1,522/455,659 | 230/454,882 |
| Model 3, HR (95% CI) | 1.44 (1.35–1.53) | 1.32 (1.20–1.45) | 1.54 (1.36–1.76) | 1.61 (1.17–2.22) |
| Model 3.1, # cases | 6,791/455,621 | 2,856/455,621 | 1,522/455,621 | 230/454,844 |
| Model 3.1, HR (95% CI) | 1.37 (1.29–1.46) | 1.28 (1.16–1.41) | 1.46 (1.28–1.66) | 1.58 (1.14–2.19) |
| Vascular and Behavioral covariates | ||||
| Model 4, # cases | 7,475/484,847 | 3,135/484,846 | 1,691/484,846 | 252/483,992 |
| Model 4, HR (95% CI) | 1.48 (1.40–1.56) | 1.34 (1.23–1.46) | 1.56 (1.39–1.75) | 1.61 (1.20–2.16) |
| Model 4.1, # cases | 4,874/348,596 | 2,049/348,596 | 1,102/348,596 | 172/348,029 |
| Model 4.1, HR (95% CI) | 1.45 (1.35–1.56) | 1.30 (1.17–1.46) | 1.57 (1.36–1.81) | 1.51 (1.05–2.18) |
| APOE ε4 risk allele covariate | ||||
| Model 5, # cases | 6,017/398,859 | 2,524/398,858 | 1,346/398,696 | 213/398,209 |
| Model 5, HR (95% CI) | 1.56 (1.46–1.66) | 1.34 (1.21–1.48) | 1.78 (1.57–2.02) | 1.77 (1.29–2.42) |
Notes. Model 1 to Model 1.4 include the covariates age and sex; Model 1.1 excludes cases with more than one type of dementia code (e.g., AD and VD); Model 1.2 excludes incident cases of dementia within 5 years of baseline assessment; Model 1.3 excludes dementia ascertained from death records; Model 1.4 excludes participants younger than age 50 at baseline; Model 2 includes the covariates of Model 1 plus education; Model 2.1 further adds household income and the Townsend deprivation index; Model 3 includes the covariates of Model 2 plus depression; Model 3.1 further adds social isolation; Model 4 includes the covariates of Model 2 plus vascular risk factors (self-reported diabetes, hypertension, stroke, heart attack, ever smoker, BMI > 30); Model 4.1 further add HbA1c, CRP, LDL, and the sum of minutes performing walking, moderate and vigorous activity. Model 5 is Model 2 with APOE ε4 risk allele status. HR = Hazard Ratio; CI = Confidence Interval.