Table 1.
Descriptive Characteristics of Study Variables (N = 3,804)
| Variables | % | ||
|---|---|---|---|
|
| |||
| Socio-demographics | |||
| Age (M±SD) | (69.6±9.7) | ||
| Aged 54–74 | 76.6 | ||
| Aged 75–95 | 23.4 | ||
| Women | 55.2 | ||
| Race/ethnicity | |||
| Non-Hispanic White | 79.9 | ||
| Non-Hispanic Black | 7.9 | ||
| Hispanic | 7.1 | ||
| Other | 5.1 | ||
| Some college or above | 65.3 | ||
| Marital status | |||
| Married/partnered | 64.1 | ||
| Separated/divorced | 15.4 | ||
| Widowed | 13.2 | ||
| Never married | 7.3 | ||
| Social connection during the COVID-19 | |||
| Structural aspect | |||
| Number of limited family social gatherings due to COVID-19 (M±SD) | (2.0±1.5) | ||
| Unable to visit a family member in a care facility | 28.2 | ||
| Family celebrations cancelled or restricted | 75.8 | ||
| Unable to visit a close family member in hospital | 29.1 | ||
| Unable to attend in-person funeral for a family member who died. | 42.3 | ||
| Unable to visit family after the birth of a new baby | 17.9 | ||
| Not enough in-person contact with people outside household since COVID-19 | |||
| Hardly ever or never | 30.9 | ||
| Sometimes or often | 69.1 | ||
| Functional aspect | |||
| Received instrumental support from others | |||
| Not needed | 67.9 | ||
| About the same | 13.9 | ||
| Less often | 2.0 | ||
| More often | 16.1 | ||
| Received emotional support from others | |||
| Not needed | 43.0 | ||
| About the same | 31.0 | ||
| Less often | 1.4 | ||
| More often | 24.6 | ||
| Quality aspect | |||
| Worse quality of relationships with family members | 10.8 | ||
| Worse quality of relationships with friends/neighbors | 14.1 | ||
| Loneliness compared to before COVID-19 | |||
| About the same | 66.7 | ||
| Less so | 4.7 | ||
| More so | 28.6 | ||
Note. Mean (M) and standard deviation (SD) are unweighted, while percentages (%) are weighted. Race/ethnicity of other included American Indian, Alaskan Native, Asian, and Pacific Islander.