Table 1.

Study selection

Exposure	Author (Year)	N	Study type	Date of recruitment	Location	Population	Exposure	Outcome	Covariates	Results
Low birth weight
PFOA~	Steenland (2018)	24 studies	Meta-analysis	Varied by study	Varied by study	Varied by study	PFOA in maternal or cord blood	Birth weight	Varied by study	10.5 g (4.4, 16.7) decrease in birth weight per ng/mL PFOA increase in maternal or cord blood
PFOS*	Meng (2018)	3535 mother–infant pairs	Cross-sectional	1992–2002	Denmark	Mother–infant pairs	PFOS in maternal plasma	Birth weight	Infant sex, infant birth year, gestational week of blood draw, maternal age, parity, socio-occupational status, pre-pregnancy BMI, smoking, and alcohol use during pregnancy	45.2 g (13.6, 76.8) decrease in birth weight per doubling of ng/mL PFOS increase in maternal plasma
Childhood obesity at age 10
PFOA~	Liu (2018a)	Nine studies with prenatal exposure	Meta-analysis	Varied by study	Varied by study	Multiple cohorts of children	PFOA in early childhood	BMI	Varied by study	0.09 (0.02, 0.17) increase in BMI z-score per ng/mL increase in prenatal PFOA
PFOS*	Lauritzen (2018)	412 females	Prospective cohort	1986–1988	Norway and Sweden	Pregnant women	PFOS in maternal serum	BMI	Maternal age, education, smoking at conception, pre-pregnancy BMI, weight gain at 17 weeks, interpregnancy interval, previous breastfeeding duration, and country of residence	0.18 (0.01, 0.35) increase in BMI z-score per ln-unit ng/mL increase in prenatal PFOA
Kidney cancer
PFOA~	Bartell (2021)	Four studies	Meta-analysis	Varied by study	Varied by study	Varied by study	PFOA exposure	Kidney cancer incidence	Varied by study	Increase in cancer risk per 10 ng/mL increase in serum PFOA = 16% (3%, 30%)
Testicular cancer
PFOA~	Bartell (2021)	Two studies	Meta-analysis	Varied by study	Varied by study	Varied by study	PFOA exposure	Testicular cancer incidence	Varied by study	Increase in cancer risk per 10 ng/mL increase in serum PFOA = 3% (2%, 4%)
Hypothyroidism
PFOA~	Kim (2018)	Seven studies after excluding outliers	Cross-sectional	2007–2009	USA	Adults > 20 years old	PFOA in serum	Subclinical hypothyroidism in women	Age, race, drinking, smoking, and natural log-urinary iodine	7.42 (1.14–48.12) OR of subclinical hypothyroidism risk per ln-unit ng/mL increase in serum PFOA
PFOS*	Wen (2013)	1181 individuals	Cross-sectional	2007–2009	USA	Adults > 20 years old	PFOS in serum	Subclinical hypothyroidism in women	Age, race, drinking, smoking, and natural log-urinary iodine	3.03 (1.14–8.07) OR of subclinical hypothyroidism risk per ln-unit ng/mL increase in serum PFOA
Adult obesity
PFOS*	Liu (2018a)	520 individuals	Randomized clinical trial	2003–2007	Boston, MA and Baton Rouge, LA	Over-weight and obese 30–70-year olds	PFOS in serum	Body weight	Age, sex, race, baseline BMI, education, smoking status, alcohol consumption, physical activity, and dietary intervention group	Higher baseline levels of PFOS associated with greater weight regain (1.5 ± 0.6–3.2 ± 0.6 kg)
Adult-onset type 2 diabetes
PFOA*	Sun (2018)	1586 females	Prospective nested case–control study	1995–2000	USA	Female nurses 32–52 years old	PFAS in plasma	T2D	Age, month, and fasting status at sample collection and menopausal status and hormone replacement therapy	1.54 (1.04–2.28) OR of T2D in highest tertile of exposure compared to lowest
Gestational diabetes
PFOA*	Zhang (2015)	258 females	Prospective cohort	2005–2009	Michigan and Texas	Women discontinuing contraception to become pregnant	PFOA in serum	GDM	Age, BMI, and parity conditional on gravidity	1.61 (1.05–2.49) OR of GDM per SD increment of PFOA exposure
Endometriosis
PFOA*	Buck Louis (2012)	626 females	Prospective nested case–control study	2007–2009	Salt Lake City, UT and San Francisco, CA	Women 18–44 years old	PFOA in serum	Endometriosis	Age, BMI, and parity	1.89 (1.17–3.06) OR of endometriosis per log unit exposure of PFOA
Polycystic ovarian syndrome
PFOA*	Vagi (2014)	102 females	Case–control	2007–2008	Los Angeles, CA	Women 18–45 years old	PFOA in serum	PCOS	Age, BMI, and race	6.93 (1.79–29.92) OR of PCOS in highest tertile compared to lowest
PFOS*	Vagi (2014)	102 females	Case–control	2007–2008	Los Angeles, CA	Women 18–45 years old	PFOS in serum	PCOS	Age, BMI, and race	5.79 (1.58–24.12) OR of PCOS in highest tertile compared to lowest
Couple infertility
PFOA*	Bach (2015)	1601 females	Case–control	1996–2002	Denmark	Pregnant women	PFOA in serum	Time to pregnancy	Age, socio-economic status, BMI, and parity	0.67 (0.51–0.88) fecundability ratio per log unit PFOA exposure
PFOS*	Bach (2015)	1601 females	Case–control	1996–2002	Denmark	Pregnant women	PFOS in serum	Time to pregnancy	Age, socio-economic status, BMI, and parity	0.62 (0.47–0.83) fecundability ratio per log unit PFOS exposure
Breast cancer
PFOA*	Wielsoe (2017)	161 females	Case–control	2000–2003, 2011–2014	Greenland	Inuit women	PFOA in serum	Breast cancer	Age, BMI, cotinine levels, parity, and breastfeeding	1.26 (1.01–1.58) OR of breast cancer with PFOA exposure
PFOS*	Wielsoe (2017)	161 females	Case–control	2000–2003, 2011–2014	Greenland	Inuit women	PFOS in serum	Breast cancer	Age, BMI, cotinine levels, parity, and breastfeeding	1.02 (1.01–1.03) OR of breast cancer with PFOS exposure
Pneumonia
PFOA*	Impinen (2019)	1270 females	Cohort	1999–2008	Norway	Children	PFOA in maternal serum	Number of infections by age 3	Maternal age, maternal BMI, maternal education, parity, and smoking during pregnancy	1.27 (1.12–1.43) RR of bronchitis/pneumonia
PFOS*	Impinen (2019)	1270 females	Cohort	1999–2008	Norway	Children	PFOS in maternal serum	Number of infections by age 3	Maternal age, maternal BMI, maternal education, parity, and smoking during pregnancy	1.20 (1.07–1.34) RR of bronchitis/pneumonia

*Sensitivity analysis

^~From meta-analyses