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. 2023 May 19;34(6):27. doi: 10.1007/s10856-023-06731-5

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© The Author(s) 2023

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Fig. 2 — Three dimensional, panoramic and cross-sectional view cone-beam computed tomography of the induced mandibular defects at 12 weeks examination. Control defects (red arrow) demonstrated radiolucent circular defect with limited peripheral radiopacity without buccal rim corticalization (yellow arrow) around inferior alveolar canal (IAC). Defects grafted with tricalcium phosphate hydroxyapatite scaffolds (TCP/HA) (red arrow) demonstrated reduction in the size of the defect that was bounded by new bone formation with corticalization of the buccal rim (yellow arrow) around IAC. Defects grafted with zirconia-doped tricalcium phosphate hydroxyapatite scaffolds (4Zr TCP/HA) (red arrow) demonstrated reduction intimate contact with new bone formation with buccal rim corticalization around IAC (yellow arrow) with subperiosteal new bone formation (white arrow)