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. 2023 May 19;13:8121. doi: 10.1038/s41598-023-35241-1

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© The Author(s) 2023

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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(A) Principal coordinates analysis (PCoA) plot of the Bray–Curtis dissimilarities for the nasopharyngeal microbiota by diet and sampling day. The PERMANOVA results for the effect of diet within each day is included on each plot. The percentage of variation explained by each principal coordinate is indicated on the axes; (B) Box and whisker plot of the number of ASVs and the Shannon and inverse Simpson’s diversity indices for the nasopharyngeal microbiota by sampling day and diet. The box indicates the interquartile range (IQR) (middle 50% of the data), the middle line represents the median value, and the whiskers represents 1.5 times the IQR; Control refers to the group of heifers that received 20% DDGS in their diet (n = 15) and Hemp refers to the group that received 20% hempseed cake inclusion diet (n = 16).