Table 1.

Summary of Available Data Demonstrating an Association Between Suboptimal Antiretroviral Adherence and Inflammation/Coagulopathy in Persons With HIV Who Are Virally Suppressed While on Antiretroviral Therapy

Cohort	Adherence Measure	No.	Population Compared	Viral Suppression Threshold, Copies/mL	IL-6, % Difference (95% CI)	D-dimer, % Difference (95% CI)	Reference
MACS	Self-report (4-day)	921	Men reporting <85% vs 100% adherence	<50	12% higher (2%–22%)	Not assessed	[11]
MACS	Self-report (4-day)	1469	Men reporting <100% adherence vs men without HIV	<50	17% higher (6%–29%)	Not assessed	[23]
SMART	Self-report (7-day)	3056	PWH reporting <100% vs 100% adherence	<200	9% higher (1%–18%)	11% higher (11%–22%)	[15]
START	Self-report	1627	PWH reporting <100% vs 100% adherence	<50	12% higher (0–26%)	4% lower (ns) (−13% to 7%)	[12]
UARTO	MEMS caps	282	Change for every 10% increase in ART adherence	<400	15% decrease (−8% to −21%)	11% decrease (−2% to −18%)	[13]
UARTO	Adherence interruptions	282	Change for every 9 days on a treatment interruption	<400	14% increase (4%–26%)	10% increase (3%–18%)	[16]
META (early stage)	Electronic monitoring (Wisepill)	488	Change for every 10% increase in ART adherence	<400	6% decrease (−2% to −10%)	4% decrease (ns) (−10% to 1%)	[14]
META (late stage)	Electronic monitoring (Wisepill)	488	Change for every 10% increase in ART adherence	<400	4% decrease (−7% to −.2%)	3% decrease (ns) (−8% to 2%)	[14]

Abbreviations: ART, antiretroviral therapy; CI, confidence interval; HIV, human immunodeficiency virus; IL-6, interleukin 6; MACS, Multicenter AIDS Cohort Study; MEMS, Medication Event Monitoring System; META, Monitoring of Early Treatment Adherence; ns, not significant; PWH, persons with human immunodeficiency virus; SMART, Strategies for Management of Antiretroviral Therapy; START, Strategic Timing of Antiretroviral Therapy; UARTO, Uganda AIDS Rural Treatment Outcomes.