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. 2023 May 12;28:50–60. doi: 10.1016/j.bioactmat.2023.04.024

Fig. 2.

Fig. 2

Characterizations of TDN and TDN-miR122. (A) Agarose gel electrophoresis showing the successful synthesis of the TDN-miR122 (M: Marker, a: miR-122, b: S1, c: S1+S2, d: S1+S2+S3, e: S1+S2+S3+S4, f: S1+S2+S3+S4+S5, g: S1+S2+S3+S4+S5+S6 (TDN), h: TDN-miR122). (B–C) The AFM images of the TDN (B) and TDN-miR122 (C). (D) Hydrodynamic diameters of the TDN and TDN-miR122. (E) Zeta potentials of TDN and TDN-miR122. (F) The cytotoxicity of various concentrations of TDN and TDN-miR122 towards hMSCs at 24 h. (G) Fluorescent images of cellular uptake of TDN and TDN-miR122-FAM in hMSCs after incubation for 6 h (scale bar: 50 μm). Red: LysoTracker; Green: FAM-labeled TDN and TDN-miR122; blue: Hoechst33342-stained nuclei. (H) FACS evaluation to monitor the TDN and TDN-miR122 uptake in hMSCs for 2 h. (I) Cellular uptake efficiency of TDN-miR122-FAM in hMSCs in the presence of endocytosis inhibitors: chlorpromazine (CPZ, 10 μM, clathrin-mediated endocytosis), 5- (N-ethyl-N-isopropyl) amiloride (EIPA, 50 μM, macropinocytosis). The lowered uptake levels at 4 °C indicated endocytosis of TDN-miR122. Data are represented as mean ± standard deviation (SD) (n = 3). ****P < 0.0001; ***P < 0.001; **P < 0.01. (J) Schematic illustration of the cellular uptake pathways of TDN-miR122.