Table 2.

Subgroup analysis for the selected diagnostic studies.

Subgroups	No.of studies	SEN [95%CI]	SPE [95%CI]	PLR [95%CI]	NLR [95%CI]	DOR[95%CI]	AUC [95%CI]
NTx Profiling
alone	44	0.75[0.71–0.79]	0.78[0.73–0.82]	3.4[2.8–4.1]	0.32[0.27–0.37]	11 [8–14]	0.83[0.80–0.86]
With other marker	14	0.90[0.83–0.94]	0.88[0.83–0.91]	7.2[5.0–10.4]	0.12[0.07–0.20]	61[28–130]	0.94[0.92–0.96]
Specimen
urine	15	0.67[0.60–0.73]	0.80[0.77–0.83]	3.3[2.9–3.9]	0.42[0.34–0.51]	8 [6–11]	0.82[0.78–0.85]
serum	28	0.82[0.76–0.87]	0.81[0.73–0.87]	4.3[3.0–6.3]	0.22[0.17–0.29]	20 [12–33]	0.88[0.85–0.91]
Ethnicity
Asian	37	0.78[0.73–0.83]	0.80[0.76–0.84]	3.9[3.2–4.8]	0.27[0.22–0.34]	15 [10–21]	0.86[0.83–0.89]
Caucasian	8	0.71[0.57–0.82]	0.81[0.57–0.93]	3.7[1.5–9.4]	0.36[0.24–0.55]	10 [3–33]	0.80[0.76–0.83]
Cancer-type
Breast cancer	7	0.79[0.67–0.88]	0.72[0.43–0.90]	2.9[1.2–7.2]	0.29[0.15–0.54]	10 [2–41]	0.83[0.79–0.86]
Prostate cancer	9	0.76[0.65–0.85]	0.86[0.75–0.93]	5.5[3.1–9.7]	0.27[0.19–0.40]	20 [11–38]	0.88[0.85–0.90]
Lung cancer	18	0.79[0.71–0.86]	0.80[0.74–0.86]	4.1[2.9–5.6]	0.26[0.18–0.37]	16 [9–29]	0.87[0.84–0.90]
Multiple cancers	8	0.74[0.63–0.83]	0.77[0.71–0.82]	3.3[2.7–3.9]	0.33[0.23–0.48]	10 [6–15]	0.82[0.78–0.85]
Sample size
≥100	28	0.76[0.70–0.82]	0.83[0.78–0.87]	4.5[3.4–6.0]	0.29[0.23–0.36]	16 [10–24]	0.87[0.83–0.89]
<100	17	0.79[0.71–0.85]	0.73[0.65–0.81]	3.0[2.2–4.0]	2.9[0.2–0.41]	10 [6–18]	0.83[0.79–0.86]
Cut off
Pre-specified	7	0.82[0.68–0.90]	0.82[0.73–0.89]	4.6[3.0–6.9]	0.22[0.13–0.39]	21 [10–42]	0.89[0.86–0.91]
Not pre-specified	34	0.73[0.68–0.78]	0.80[0.74–0.85]	3.7[2.8–4.8]	0.33[0.28–0.40]	11 [8–16]	0.83[0.79–0.86]
Reference
Creatinine	15	0.67[0.58–0.74]	0.80[0.77–0.83]	3.4[2.9–4.0]	0.41[0.32–0.52]	8 [6–12]	0.82[0.79–0.85]

Abbreviation: AUC, area under the curve; DOR, Diagnostic Odds Ratio; NLR, negative likelihood ratio; No: the number of the studies; PLR, positive likelihood ratio; SEN, sensitivity; SPE, specificity.