Table 1.
Key characteristics of included studies.
| First author, year, country | Study design | Recruitment | Participants, N | Sex | Age range (years) | Aim | Use of codesign in chatbot development | Dropout |
| Lee, 2017, Korea [32] | Pre-post intervention | Students from 2 same-sex high schools in Seoul, Korea | 33 | Female: n=24, 72.7%; Male: n=9, 27.3% | 16-18 | To test the feasibility of a mobile app Diet-A and examine whether Diet-A could be used to monitor dietary intake among adolescents | N/Aa | N/A |
| Padman, 2017, India [33] | Exploratory analysis | Students from 3 middle schools in urban India recruited for an RCT and deidentified participants from the RCT recruited in the explanatory analysis | 14 | Female: n=7, 50.0%; Male: n=7, 50.0% | 10-11 | To analyze game telemetry to understand user interactions from playing Fooya! and provide new insight for designing interventions via games to improve pediatric overweight and obesity rates | N/A | N/A |
| Pyky, 2017, Finland [34] | RCTb | Males who for conscripted for military service in Finland | 496 | Male: n=100, 100.0% | Mean 17.8 | To assess whether a tailored mobile physical activity intervention can improve life satisfaction and self-rated health among young adolescent men | 16-20-year-old males involved in the design, development, and testing of the mobile service | Lost to follow-up: n=151, 30.4%; Controls: n=167, 33.7%; Intervention: n=135, 27.2% |
| Stasinaki, 2021, Switzerland [35] | RCT | Children’s Hospital of Eastern Switzerl (specialized childhood obesity management center) | 31 | Female: n=13, 41.9%; Male: n=18, 58.1% | 10-18 | To assess whether PathMate2 can improve the BMI (kg/m2), physical capacities, and stress parameters in adolescents with obesity, under the supervision of pediatric obesity experts | N/A | Lost to follow-up: 0.1% |
| Maenhout, 2021, Belgium [36] | Mixed methods pilot study | Flemish secondary schools | Phase 1: 36; Phase 2: 6; Phase 3: 81 | Phase 1: Female: n=29, 80.6%; Male: n=7, 19.4%; Phase 2: Female: n=6, 100.0%; Phase 3: N/A | 12-15 | To assess the feasibility and engagement of a chatbot protype among adolescents to promote healthy behaviors | Phase 1: focus groups to inform the development of the chatbot prototype, including content and design; Phase 2: pretest of the protype | Phase 3: quit after receiving a wrong answer from the chatbot: n=61, 66.7% |
aN/A: not applicable.
bRCT: randomized controlled trial.