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. 2023 May 20;23:98. doi: 10.1186/s12935-023-02947-1

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© The Author(s) 2023

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver (http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated in a credit line to the data.

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Fig. 5 — This figure represents a highly sensitive method for detecting exosomal CD44 and CD133 by TIC-AFM and TiN–NH-LSPR biosensors to track the progression of GBM in mice. In the tumor microenvironment (TME), GBM cells utilize accumulated extracellular lactate for their survival, in part by upregulating CD44 and CD133, and releasing exosome. These exosomes not only make the cells more malignant but also enables neighboring ECs to become more angiogenic.

This figure is adapted from Ref. [97]