Table 2.

Developed biosensors for detection of GBS biomarkers

#	Biomarker	Platform	Technique	NPs	Linear range	Limit of detection (LOD)	Refs.
1	p53	Fluorescence microscopy	Cell imaging	–	0.375 to 250 μM	31.25 μM	[84]
2	Rho-family	FRET	–	–	16,106 cells in 1 ml	20 mM	[109]
3	Stem Cells	ECIS	–	–	–	–	[88]
4	Formaldehyde (AN)	ECL	Amperometric	MWCNTs, SPE	0.1–100 μM	0.1 μM	[89]
5	GBS	LSPR	–	AuNPs	0.005 to 50 μg/ml	5.29 × 10–1 μg/ml	[97]
6	CDK5 kinase	FRET	Uvis spectrum	–	–	0.2 μM	[98]
7	Tumors	SERRS	Molecular Imaging Probe	AuNPs	3.5 nM	10–15 M	[102]
8	CDK5 Kinase	-	Fluorescent	–	10 µg	–	[105]
9	Exosomal MCT4	LSPR	Optical	Ag@AuNIs	0.4 ng/ml	4 × 10−4 to 50 μg/ml	[106]
10	miRNA-182	MCOF	EC	Fe3O4	20 fM	0.1–10 pM	[108]

p53 Tumor protein p53, FRET Fluorescent resonance/Forster energy transfer, ECIS Electric cell-substrate impedance sensing, MCOF Magnetic covalent organic framework nanospheres, AuNPs Gold nanoparticles, ECL electrogenic chemiluminescent, LSPR Localized surface plasmon resonance, SERRS Surface-enhanced resonant Raman scattering, GBS Guillain–Barré syndrome, MWCNT Multi-walled carbon nanotube, SPE Efficiencies of surface