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. 2023 May 20;21:159. doi: 10.1186/s12951-023-01900-8

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© The Author(s) 2023

Open AccessThis article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver (http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated in a credit line to the data.

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Scheme 1 — Formation of CNPs nanoparticles and synergistic anti-tumor immunotherapy strategy based on vaccine, anti-PD1 antibody and CD16 CAR-T cells. A CpG ODN was encapsulated by CMG and PS to form CpG ODN –loaded nanoparticle (CNPs) through self-assembly approach. Vaccines were generated by mixing CNPs with tumor-derived antigens, such as TCL and neoantigens or the mixture of TCL and neoantigens, respectively. B Vaccine-induced anti-tumor CTL and tumor-specific antibodies, which directed CD16 CAR-T to target tumor cells through ADCC approach and the targets of Anti-PD1 antibody