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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2024 Jun 1.
Published in final edited form as: Nat Rev Cardiol. 2023 Jan 9;20(6):418–428. doi: 10.1038/s41569-022-00818-2

Fig. 5. Aortic valve amyloid deposits and aortic stenosis.

Fig. 5.

Amyloid deposits are commonly seen in calcific aortic valve disease and are located in the vicinity of calcification, suggesting a possible relationship between amyloid deposition and calcification. Apolipoprotein and lipoprotein accumulation has frequently been described in calcific aortic valve disease. A potential mechanism of amyloid formation from dissociated soluble apolipoproteins has been described. Amyloid deposits could function as a nidus for calcification. Amyloid fibrils perpetuate inflammation and extracellular matrix remodelling, resulting in valve fibrosis, calcification and, consequently, aortic valve stenosis. Apo, apolipoprotein; SAP, serum amyloid P; TGFβ, transforming growth factor-β; TNF, tumour necrosis factor; VIC, valve interstitial cell.