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. 2023 May 20;14:2778. doi: 10.1038/s41467-023-38498-2

Fig. 3. The engineered S. alvi M0351 showed stable colonization and function in bee guts.

Fig. 3

a Newly emerged bees were colonized with S. alvi transformed with a plasmid expressing a green fluorescent protein. The colonization level was checked on days 5, 10, and 15. b, c Engineered S. alvi M0351 stably colonized and expressed GFP continuously over time. Each dot represents an individual bee sample (n = 5). Colony-forming unit (CFU). There was no statistical significance (ns) between each group detected by one-sided ANOVA and Tukey HSD test. Error bars represent mean SD. d Engineered S. alvi M0351 (Green) colonized both the midgut and ileum of bees. Honeybee gut stained using 4′,6-diamidino-2-phenylindole (DAPI) (blue). For each inoculation condition, three individual bees were inspected during each of the three independent colonization trials independently. Representative images are shown. Scale bars = 200 µm. Source data are provided as a Source Data file.