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. 2023 May 20;14:2887. doi: 10.1038/s41467-023-38473-x

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© The Author(s) 2023

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Fig. 3 — a An experimental setup for parallel multiplication by a GST cell. b Flattened pixel data of an RGB image encoded in amplitudes of four different wavelength channels by four VOAs. c Brightness scaling by performing light transceiving of all encoded pixels through a GST cell with varied switching contrast ∆T₁₍₂₎/T_base, followed by image plotting for visualization with labelled SD (σ). (The original image showing the Clarendon Building in the University of Oxford was photographed by the authors.) d–f Examples of measured results for brightness scaling (scaling factor = 2) versus the exact results (d), histograms of normalized error fitted with Gaussian distributions (e), normalized SD and contrast-to-noise ratio (CNR), which is defined as (T − T_base)/SD(T) and SD(T) is the standard deviation of the detected and normalized transmission mixing with photodetection noise, versus switching contrasts (∆T₂/T_base) of a GST cell (f).