Table 3.

Paired t tests to determine significant differences in biomarker concentrations between standard universal collection and vacuum transfer method, irrespective of menu or individual effects of fifteen participants who collected first morning void urine on three separate days in a home setting

Biomarker	t Statistic	P *
1-Methyl-histidine	–4·725	<0·001
3-Hydroxyhippuric-acid	2·644	0·506
3-Methyl-histidine	–2·465	0·828
3-Methyl-xanthine	–0·659	1·000
4-Hydroxyproline-betaine	–3·414	0·064
4-Hydroxyhippuric-acid	4·075	0·009
7-Methyl-xanthine	1·703	1·000
Acesulfame-K	–0·128	1·000
Anserine	0·536	1·000
BOA (1,3-benzoxazol-2-one)	–0·842	1·000
Caffeine	–2·564	0·636
Carnitine	–4·309	0·004
Carnosine	–0·664	1·000
Creatinine	–1·690	1·000
d-l-sulforaphane-glutathione	–0·555	1·000
d-l-sulforaphane-l-cysteine	1·632	1·000
d-l-sulforaphane-N-acetyl-l-cysteine	1·412	1·000
Daidzein	0·761	1·000
DHBA (3,5-dihydroxybenzoic acid)	–0·506	1·000
DHBA-3-O-sulfate	2·360	1·000
DHPPA (3-(3,5-Dihydroxyphenyl)-1-propanoic acid)	–1·381	1·000
DHPPA-3-sulfate	0·056	1·000
Epicatechin	0·794	1·000
Ferulic-acid	1·912	1·000
Ferulic-acid-4-O-b-d-glucuronide	–1·140	1·000
Ferulic-acid-4-O-sulfate	3·611	0·036
Hippuric-acid	7·391	<0·001
Indoxyl-sulphate	1·187	1·000
l-Phenylalanine	–1·660	1·000
Tryptophan	–3·582	0·039
N-2-Furoyl-glycine	0·939	1·000
Naringenin	–1·583	1·000
p-Cresol-glucuronide	–2·677	0·478
p-Cresol-sulphate	1·622	1·000
Phenyl-acetyl-l-glutamine	0·933	1·000
Proline-betaine	–3·955	0·012
Protocatechuic-acid	–2·518	0·736
Quercetin	1·067	1·000
Quercetin-3-O-b-d-glucuronide	1·277	1·000
Resveratrol	0·490	1·000
Rhamnitol	0·725	1·000
Sucrose	0·647	1·000
Tartarate	–1·574	1·000
Taurine	–1·561	1·000
Trigonelline	–2·414	0·920
Trimethylamine-N-oxide	–1·678	1·000

^*All P-values are adjusted for multiple testing using Bonferroni correction.