Table 1.
Participant characteristics by menopausal status of the study population of women from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Surveys 2007–2010
| Characteristic | Premenopausal women (n 2098) | Postmenopausal women (n 2298) | P ‡ | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Mean | se | Mean | se | ||
| Total 25(OH)D (nmol/l)§ | 61·4 | 1·14 | 66·1 | 1·11 | <0·001 |
| 25(OH)D3 (nmol/l)§ | 58·6 | 1·14 | 59·6 | 1·02 | 0·404 |
| 25(OH)D2 (nmol/l)§ | 1·8 | 0·03 | 2·5 | 0·10 | <0·001 |
| SBP (mmHg) | 112·4 | 0·42 | 127·2 | 0·54 | <0·001 |
| DBP (mmHg) | 68·8 | 0·47 | 68·6 | 0·47 | 0·605 |
| Age (years) | 35·7 | 0·32 | 62·3 | 0·21 | <0·001 |
| Height (cm) | 163·5 | 0·19 | 161·0 | 0·21 | <0·001 |
| Weight (kg) | 75·2 | 0·56 | 76·2 | 0·57 | 0·276 |
| Physical activity (MET × h/week) | 49·6 | 2·22 | 31·6 | 1·88 | <0·001 |
| Total food energy intake (kJ) | 7941 | 88·7 | 7104 | 77·8 | <0·001 |
| Total food energy intake (kcal) | 1898 | 21·2 | 1698 | 18·6 | <0·001 |
| Dietary K (mg) | 2308 | 33·2 | 2435 | 27·9 | 0·002 |
| Dietary Ca (mg) | 896 | 15·9 | 846 | 12·4 | 0·010 |
| Dietary Mg (mg) | 267·4 | 5·11 | 261·6 | 3·09 | 0·207 |
| Dietary Na (mg) | 3132 | 44·4 | 2803 | 34·9 | <0·001 |
| n | % | n | % | ||
| Hypertension | 328 | 14·7 | 1473 | 58·2 | <0·001 |
| Race/ethnicity | <0·001 | ||||
| Non-Hispanic White | 937 | 66·6 | 1238 | 78·2 | |
| Non-Hispanic Black | 372 | 12·0 | 397 | 9·7 | |
| Mexican American | 426 | 9·4 | 361 | 4·9 | |
| Other ethnicity | 363 | 12·0 | 302 | 7·2 | |
| Alcohol consumption | <0·001 | ||||
| Never | 589 | 23·6 | 1107 | 40·5 | |
| <Once/week | 1005 | 47·0 | 755 | 35·0 | |
| 1–2 d/week | 327 | 18·8 | 202 | 11·1 | |
| 3–4 d/week | 117 | 7·4 | 94 | 5·2 | |
| ≥5 d/week | 60 | 3·1 | 140 | 8·2 | |
| Smoking status | <0·001 | ||||
| Never | 1351 | 62·9 | 1339 | 56·1 | |
| Former | 248 | 14·2 | 619 | 29·2 | |
| Current | 499 | 22·9 | 340 | 14·6 | |
| Season of examination | 0·019 | ||||
| November to April | 985 | 40·1 | 990 | 35·3 | |
| May to October | 1113 | 59·9 | 1308 | 64·7 | |
| Education (%) | <0·001 | ||||
| <9th grade | 163 | 4·3 | 354 | 7·3 | |
| ≤High-school graduate | 769 | 31·7 | 975 | 41·0 | |
| >High-school graduate | 1166 | 64·1 | 969 | 51·7 | |
| Diabetes | 88 | 3·4 | 476 | 15·0 | <0·001 |
| Outdoor activity(≥30 min/d)║ | 503 | 60·5 | 139 | 23·4 | <0·001 |
| Use of hormone therapy | 8 | 0·5 | 150 | 8·4 | <0·001 |
| Use of birth-control pills | 265 | 15·5 | – | – | |
Total 25(OH)D, total 25-hydroxyvitamin D; 25(OH)D3, 25-hydroxycholecalciferol; 25(OH)D2, 25-hydroxyergocalciferol; SBP, systolic blood pressure; DBP, diastolic blood pressure; MET, metabolic equivalent of task.
‡
P < 0·05 is considered significant.
§
Geometric means are presented.
║
Sub-population having outdoor activity information (premenopausal women, n 825; postmenopausal women, n 911).