Table 4.
Outdoor activity-adjusted odds ratios and 95 % confidence intervals for hypertension by total 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25(OH)D) and 25-hydroxycholecalciferol (25(OH)D3) concentrations in the study population of pre- and postmenopausal women (n 1736) from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Surveys (NHANES) 2009–2010‡
| Variable | Sun§ | Total 25(OH)D║ | Sun + total 25(OH)D¶ | 25(OH)D3 ║ | Sun + 25(OH)D3 ¶ | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| OR | 95 % CI | OR | 95 % CI | OR | 95 % CI | OR | 95 % CI | OR | 95 % CI | |
| Premenopausal women (n 825) | ||||||||||
| Outdoor activities (min/d) | ||||||||||
| <30 | 1·00 | Ref. | – | 1·00 | Ref. | – | 1·00 | Ref. | ||
| ≥30 | 0·73 | 0·46, 1·13 | – | 0·74 | 0·46, 1·18 | – | 0·73 | 0·47, 1·15 | ||
| 25(OH)D (nmol/l) | ||||||||||
| <30 (deficient) | – | 1·00 | Ref. | 1·00 | Ref. | 1·00 | Ref. | 1·00 | Ref. | |
| 30–49·99 (insufficient) | – | 1·53 | 0·68, 3·42 | 1·50 | 0·68, 3·32 | 1·26 | 0·71, 2·22 | 1·25 | 0·72, 2·15 | |
| ≥50 (sufficient) | – | 0·78 | 0·33, 1·88 | 0·78 | 0·46, 1·18 | 0·67 | 0·34, 1·29 | 0·67 | 0·35, 1·26 | |
| P trend | 0·144 | 0·140 | 0·080 | 0·074 | ||||||
| Postmenopausal women (n 911) | ||||||||||
| Outdoor activity (min/d) | ||||||||||
| <30 | 1·00 | Ref. | – | 1·00 | Ref. | – | 1·00 | Ref. | ||
| ≥30 | 0·56 | 0·29, 1·10† | – | 0·56 | 0·29, 1·09† | – | 0·57 | 0·29, 1·09† | ||
| 25(OH)D (nmol/l) | ||||||||||
| <30 (deficient) | – | 1·00 | Ref. | 1·00 | Ref. | 1·00 | Ref. | 1·00 | Ref. | |
| 30–49·99 (insufficient) | – | 0·94 | 0·42, 2·12 | 0·97 | 0·44, 2·17 | 0·89 | 0·40, 1·99 | 0·92 | 0·40, 2·14 | |
| ≥50 (sufficient) | – | 0·91 | 0·43, 1·93 | 0·94 | 0·45, 1·96 | 0·85 | 0·52, 1·39 | 0·90 | 0·56, 1·44 | |
| P trend | 0·774 | 0·832 | 0·479 | 0·610 | ||||||
| P interaction | ||||||||||
| Sun × menopause status | 0·567 | – | 0·937 | – | 0·918 | |||||
| 25(OH)D × menopause status | – | 0·518 | 0·641 | 0·469 | 0·551 | |||||
Ref., reference category.
P < 0·1 compared with the reference group (vitamin concentrations <30 nmol/l; outdoor activity <30 min/d).
These analyses (n 1736) used NHANES 2009–2010 because outdoor activity was not available in NHANES 2007–2008.
Outdoor activity models were adjusted for age, race/ethnicity, education, season of examination, physical activity, alcohol consumption, smoking status and dietary covariates.
Serum 25(OH)D models were adjusted for age, race/ethnicity, education, season of examination, physical activity, alcohol consumption, smoking status and dietary covariates.
Outdoor activity models were further adjusted for serum 25(OH)D; serum 25(OH)D models were further adjusted for outdoor activity.