Table 5.
Changes in blood pressure and 95 % confidence intervals by total 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25(OH)D) and 25-hydroxycholecalciferol (25(OH)D3) concentrations in the study population of pre- and postmenopausal women (after excluding participants taking antihypertensive medication) from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Surveys 2007–2010
| Variable | Total 25(OH)D (nmol/l) | 25(OH)D3 (nmol/l) | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| SBP (mmHg) | DBP (mmHg) | SBP (mmHg) | DBP (mmHg) | |||||
| β | 95 % CI | β | 95 % CI | β | 95 % CI | β | 95 % CI | |
| Premenopausal women (n 1824) | ||||||||
| <30 (deficient) | 0·00 | Ref. | 0·00 | Ref. | 0·00 | Ref. | 0·00 | Ref. |
| 30–49·99 (insufficient) | −1·04 | −4·26, 2·18 | −0·85 | −3·30, 1·61 | −1·01 | −3·33, 1·30 | −1·00 | −3·17, 1·17 |
| ≥50 (sufficient) | −3·08 | −5·69, −0·47* | −2·38 | −4·84, 0·07† | −2·42 | −4·65, −0·20* | −2·34 | −4·45, −0·23* |
| P trend | 0·006 | 0·030 | 0·026 | 0·019 | ||||
| Postmenopausal women (n 1050) | ||||||||
| <30 (deficient) | 0·00 | Ref. | 0·00 | Ref. | 0·00 | Ref. | 0·00 | Ref. |
| 30–49·99 (insufficient) | −3·14 | −8·37, 2·08 | −0·66 | −3·43, 2·12 | −1·25 | −5·88, 3·38 | 0·63 | −3·04, 4·30 |
| ≥50 (sufficient) | −4·24 | −9·67, 1·18 | 0·82 | −2·44, 4·09 | −3·39 | −7·69, 0·91 | 1·37 | −2·04, 4·78 |
| P trend | 0·168 | 0·215 | 0·065 | 0·292 | ||||
| P interaction | 0·978 | 0·021 | 0·566 | 0·032 | ||||
SBP, systolic blood pressure; DBP, diastolic blood pressure; Ref., reference category.
These models were adjusted for age, race/ethnicity, education, season of examination, physical activity, alcohol consumption, smoking status and dietary covariates.
*P < 0·05, †P < 0·1 compared with the reference group (vitamin D concentrations <30 nmol/l).