. 2019 Oct 10;23(5):935–955. doi: 10.1017/S1368980019002441

Table 3.

Summary of results from meta-analyses

	Li 2013⁽¹⁴⁾	Shin 2013⁽¹⁵⁾	Rong 2013⁽²⁹⁾	Bechthold 2017⁽²⁷⁾	Xu 2018⁽³⁹⁾	Alexander 2016⁽²⁶⁾	Djousse 2016⁽³⁴⁾	Tamez 2016⁽³⁶⁾	Wallin 2016⁽³⁸⁾	Khawaja 2017⁽²⁸⁾	Tian 2017⁽³⁷⁾	Schwingshackl 2017⁽³⁵⁾	Schwingshackl 2017⁽³⁰⁾	Rouhani 2017⁽³²⁾	Zhang 2018⁽³¹⁾	Schlesinger 2019⁽³³⁾
General population
CHD, IHD, HF	↔				↔
Abdominal obesity																↔
Lipid Biomarkers			↔											↑tChol, ↑HDL-C ↑LDL-C↔TG ↔LDL-C/HDL-C
Total CHD		↔	↔	↔		↔
Fatal CHD		↔				↔
IHD		↔			↔
HF				↑						↑
HTN			↔										↓		↓
Total stroke		↓	↔	↔	↓	↓
Ischemic stroke		↔	↓		↔	↔
Haemorrhagic stroke		↔	↔		↔	↔
Fatal stroke		↔				↔
T2DM	↑↔US v. non US	↑					↔↑US only	↔↑US only	↔↑US only		↔	↔↑US only
T2DM population
CVD	↑	↑	↑
CHD			↑

HF, heart failure; HTN, hypertension; T2DM, type 2 diabetes mellitus; US, United States; tChol, total cholesterol; HDL-C, high density lipoprotein-cholesterol; LDL-C, low density lipoprotein-cholesterol; TG, triglyceride.

↔ no change, ↑ increased risk, ↓ decreased risk.