Table 4.
Respondent characteristics by latent dietary profile for American adults aged 65 years or older, 2012 Health and Retirement Study/2013 Health Care and Nutrition Study*
| Latent dietary profile | ||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| ‘Healthy’ | ‘Western’ | ‘High Intake’ | ‘Low Intake’ | |||||||
| Mean | sd † | Mean | sd † | Mean | sd † | Mean | sd † | F † | P † | |
| Continuous measures | ||||||||||
| Age | 75·2a,b,c | 6·9 | 74·6a,d | 7·2 | 75·1b,d,e | 6·9 | 75·9c,e | 7·5 | 3·5 | 0·016 |
| Household income‡ | 67·5a | 97·8 | 57·7a | 69·8 | 71·3b | 113·2 | 46·5b | 66·8 | 24·0 | <0·001 |
| Household assets‡ | 691·6a,b | 1054·9 | 445·1a | 946·4 | 616·2b | 1055·6 | 379·0c | 850·3 | 13·8 | <0·001 |
| Self-rated health | 3·4a | 1·0 | 3·2b | 1·0 | 3·3c | 0·9 | 3·0d | 1·1 | 18·8 | <0·001 |
| Chronic conditions | 2·3a | 1·3 | 2·5b,c | 1·4 | 2·5b,d | 1·4 | 2·6c,d | 1·4 | 5·4 | ·001 |
| Mobility limitations | 2·2a | 2·5 | 3·0b | 2·9 | 2·8c | 2·8 | 3·4d | 3·3 | 14·3 | <0·001 |
| TICS score§ | 15·6a | 4·4 | 14·9b | 4·0 | 15·4b | 4·1 | 13·6c | 4·5 | 23·7 | <0·001 |
| % | % | % | % | χ 2 | P | |||||
| Categorical measures | ||||||||||
| Female | 73·1║ | 53·8¶ | 55·8 | 61·5 | 50·8 | <0·001 | ||||
| Race/ethnicity | ||||||||||
| White | 79·4¶ | 85·7 | 89·6║ | 77·5¶ | 43·8 | <0·001 | ||||
| Black | 8·3 | 7·7 | 5·8¶ | 8·9 | ||||||
| Hispanic | 3·9║ | 1·7 | 0·9¶ | 3·8║ | ||||||
| Other | 8·4║ | 4·9 | 3·7¶ | 8·6║ | ||||||
| Married/partnered | 52·7¶ | 60·9 | 67·8║ | 49·1¶ | 42·1 | <0·001 | ||||
| Retired | 62·2¶ | 69·5 | 68·2 | 72·5 | 9·2 | 0·027 | ||||
| Education | ||||||||||
| <HS degree | 10·7¶ | 16·0 | 11·7¶ | 25·7║ | 70·9 | <0·001 | ||||
| HS degree | 31·0¶ | 39·8║ | 34·0 | 36·9 | ||||||
| >HS degree | 58·3║ | 44·2¶ | 54·3║ | 37·3¶ | ||||||
| Occupational tenure | ||||||||||
| White-collar | 66·6║ | 53·2¶ | 60·0║ | 47·0¶ | 63·8 | <0·001 | ||||
| Blue-collar | 17·6¶ | 34·7║ | 27·3 | 33·2 | ||||||
| Homemaker | 3·2 | 2·0 | 1·5 | 4·5║ | ||||||
| Other | 12·7 | 10·2 | 11·1 | 15·2║ | ||||||
| Food insecurity | 6·9 | 9·1 | 6·4¶ | 18·6║ | 41·5 | <0·001 | ||||
| BMI | ||||||||||
| Underweight | 1·4 | 2·2 | 1·6 | 1·4 | 41·6 | 0·001 | ||||
| Normal | 42·9║ | 26·8¶ | 26·7¶ | 33·0 | ||||||
| Overweight | 33·5 | 38·9 | 39·0 | 35·5 | ||||||
| Obese | 22·1¶ | 32·1 | 32·6 | 30·1 | ||||||
| Current smoker | 3·6¶ | 10·9║ | 5·5¶ | 14·3║ | 34·6 | <0·001 | ||||
| Alcohol consumption | ||||||||||
| None | 62·4 | 63·4 | 57·2¶ | 75·8║ | 32·3 | <0·001 | ||||
| Moderate | 31·8 | 31·7 | 37·4║ | 19·7¶ | ||||||
| Heavy | 5·8 | 4·9 | 5·5 | 4·5 | ||||||
| Vigorous activity | ||||||||||
| None | 45·9¶ | 60·3║ | 48·2¶ | 69·6║ | 90·2 | <0·001 | ||||
| Some | 17·1 | 18·8 | 20·6 | 17·1 | ||||||
| Regular | 37·0║ | 20·9¶ | 31·2║ | 13·2¶ | ||||||
| Any ADL limitation | 8·0¶ | 12·3 | 13·4 | 20·0║ | 23·5 | <0·001 | ||||
TICS, Telephone Interview of Cognitive Status; HS, high school; ADL, activities of daily living.
a,b,c,d,e Mean values within row with unlike superscript letters were significantly different (α level for statistical significance identified with Bonferroni correction).
All estimates and statistical tests excluding sd account for the complex survey design.
Mean and sd reported for non-log-transformed food groups, statistical tests based on log-transformed food groups.
Mean and sd reported for non-log-transformed household income and assets, statistical tests based on log-transformed household income and assets. Mean and sd for household income and assets are reported in thousands of $US.
Overall sample size for TICS was 3394 owing to some items used in the summary score not being asked of all Health and Retirement Study participants.
Observed cell frequency significantly greater than expected.
Observed cell frequency significantly less than expected.