Table 5.
Energy intake, macronutrient density, macronutrient intake and micronutrient intake by latent dietary profile for American adults aged 65 years or older, 2012 Health and Retirement Study/2013 Health Care and Nutrition Study*
| Latent dietary profile | ||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| ‘Healthy’ | ‘Western’ | ‘High Intake’ | ‘Low Intake’ | ANOVA | ||||||
| Mean | sd | Mean | sd | Mean | sd | Mean | sd | F | P | |
| Total energy (kJ/d) | 6239·2a | 2156·9 | 6778·1b | 2096·2 | 9546·2c | 2351·8 | 4817·9d | 1906·6 | 677·8 | <0·001 |
| Total energy (kcal/d) | 1491·2a | 515·5 | 1620·0b | 501·0 | 2281·6c | 562·1 | 1151·5d | 455·7 | 677·8 | <0·001 |
| Macronutrient density | ||||||||||
| Carbohydrates (%E) | 54·6a | 9·1 | 52·5b | 8·1 | 51·4c | 6·7 | 54·9a | 9·9 | 29·5 | <0·001 |
| Protein (%E) | 17·2a | 3·7 | 16·3b | 3·3 | 16·9a,b | 2·8 | 16·0c | 3·8 | 18·4 | <0·001 |
| Fat (%E) | 33·3a | 7·6 | 35·0b | 6·1 | 36·0c | 5·3 | 33·0a | 7·7 | 35·5 | <0·001 |
| Saturated fat (%E) | 10·3a | 2·6 | 12·2b | 2·7 | 12·1c | 2·2 | 11·4b | 3·1 | 87·1 | <0·001 |
| Macronutrient intake | ||||||||||
| Fibre (g) | 22·1a | 9·6 | 15·6b | 5·2 | 25·6c | 7·7 | 10·3d | 4·8 | 773·1 | <0·001 |
| n-3 Fatty acids (g) | 1·5a | 1·0 | 1·3b | 0·6 | 2·0c | 0·9 | 0·9d | 0·6 | 295·3 | <0·001 |
| EPA (mg) | 44·9a | 54·5 | 24·3b | 23·7 | 43·9a | 42·3 | 13·2c | 21·4 | 128·1 | <0·001 |
| DHA (mg) | 129·5a | 128·3 | 78·6b | 62·6 | 133·7a | 100·3 | 48·7c | 57·4 | 161·1 | <0·001 |
| Alcohol (g) | 5·2a,b,c | 9·7 | 5·6a,d | 12·0 | 7·5b,d | 12·6 | 4·0c | 10·0 | 10·0 | <0·001 |
| Added sugar (g) | 30·2a | 20·7 | 50·3b | 34·4 | 58·1c | 31·4 | 40·6d | 34·4 | 105·5 | <0·001 |
| n-6 Fatty acids (g) | 10·3a | 5·8 | 10·3a | 4·4 | 15·2b | 5·8 | 7·1c | 4·3 | 339·0 | <0·001 |
| Trans fat (g) | 1·0a | 0·4 | 1·7b | 0·8 | 2·2c | 0·9 | 1·2d | 0·7 | 387·5 | <0·001 |
| Cholesterol (g) | 170·2a | 94·4 | 225·5b | 114·0 | 307·1c | 117·6 | 156·1a | 108·4 | 281·4 | <0·001 |
| Micronutrient intake | ||||||||||
| Ca (mg) | 707·3a | 502·4 | 683·5b | 485·0 | 923·5c | 455·8 | 548·4a | 452·8 | 95·7 | <0·001 |
| Fe (mg) | 12·3a | 5·6 | 12·6b | 5·2 | 17·3c | 5·6 | 9·2a | 5·1 | 319·2 | <0·001 |
| K (mg) | 2874·6a | 1061·8 | 2455·0b | 730·4 | 3681·1c | 923·3 | 1723·9d | 655·7 | 744·8 | <0·001 |
| Folate (μg) | 7·5a | 3·3 | 5·4b | 1·8 | 8·7c | 2·7 | 3·5d | 1·6 | 766·4 | <0·001 |
| Vitamin B12 (μg) | 0·1a | 0·1 | 0·1b | 0·1 | 0·2c | 0·1 | 0·1d | 0·1 | 159·3 | <0·001 |
| Vitamin C (mg) | 115·8a | 69·6 | 89·2b | 55·4 | 140·8c | 65·5 | 58·1d | 54·4 | 260·1 | <0·001 |
| Vitamin D (μg) | 4·3a | 3·6 | 3·7b | 2·5 | 4·9c | 2·9 | 3·2d | 2·9 | 55·4 | <0·001 |
| Vitamin E (mg) | 7·6a | 4·3 | 6·0b | 2·6 | 9·5c | 3·7 | 4·1d | 2·6 | 408·4 | <0·001 |
| Diet diversity | ||||||||||
| Number of foods | 29·6a | 2·8 | 31·5b | 2·0 | 32·5c | 1·7 | 29·0d | 3·0 | 361·6 | <0·001 |
| RMR | ||||||||||
| Estimated RMR (kJ/d) | 5310·8a | 1064·4 | 5904·9b | 1199·6 | 5869·5c | 1193·4 | 5670·6b | 1142·2 | 36·6 | <0·001 |
| Estimated RMR (kcal/d) | 1269·3a | 254·4 | 1411·3b | 286·7 | 1409·3c | 285·2 | 1355·3b | 273·0 | 36·6 | <0·001 |
| Daily energy intake:RMR | 1·2a | 0·5 | 1·2a | 0·5 | 1·7b | 0·5 | 0·9c | 0·4 | 381·9 | <0·001 |
| Analytic sample size | 552 | 1495 | 1058 | 453 | ||||||
| Estimated population size | 5 436 762 | 14 740 699 | 10 170 789 | 4 686 946 | ||||||
%E, percentage of energy.
a,b,c,d Mean values within row with unlike superscript letters were significantly different (α level for statistical significance identified with Bonferroni correction).
*
All estimates and statistical tests excluding sd account for the complex survey design.