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. 2020 May 7;23(12):2132–2144. doi: 10.1017/S1368980019005111

Table 1.

Participant characteristics at baseline (T1) and their association with changes in dietary outcomes from T1 to T2 (n 1200)

Participant characteristics T1† Δ Healthy diet‡ Δ Unhealthy diet‡ Δ Fruit/vegetable intake‡ Δ Diet quality‡
n % Mean sd β 95 % CI β 95 % CI β 95 % CI β 95 % CI
Age (per year) 1200 40·5 11·8 –0·001 –0·008, 0·005 0·005 –0·005, 0·015 –0·000 –0·006, 0·006 –0·008 –0·035, 0·020
Male 460 38·3 0·044 –0·111, 0·200 0·147 –0·094, 0·389 0·065 –0·077, 0·207 –0·244 –0·916, 0·427
Education level (per level) 0·067 –0·030, 0·164 0·086 –0·065, 0·236 0·063 –0·025, 0·151 0·378 –0·040, 0·796

  1. Secondary or less/other

 466 38·4

  1. Trade/apprentice/certificate

 446 37·2

  1. Bachelor or higher

 293 24·4
Married/de facto 986 82·2 0·071 –0·127, 0·270 0·213 –0·094, 0·520 0·092 –0·088, 0·272 –0·489 –1·342, 0·364
Hours of work per week (per level) –0·010 –0·070, 0·053 –0·100* –0·195, –0·005 0·009 –0·046, 0·065 0·129 –0·136, 0·393

  1. Not in workforce/no response

 257 21·4

  1. ≤19

 134 11·2

  1. 20–38

 276 23·0

  1. 38–59

 487 40·6

  1. ≥60

 46 3·8
Household income (AU$) (per level) –0·012 –0·078, 0·054 0·029 –0·073, 0·131 –0·013 –0·073, 0·047 –0·090 –0·372, 0·194

  1. <50 000/no response

 356 29·7

  1. 50 000–69 999

 287 23·9

  1. 70 000–89 999

 261 21·8

  1. ≥90 000

 296 24·7
Children <18 years at home 589 49·1 –0·032 –0·184, 0·119 0·323** 0·088, 0·557 –0·060 –0·200, 0·078 –0·639 –1·291, 0·013
Access to a motor vehicle 1120 93·3 0·320* 0·016, 0·623 –0·124 –0·595, 0·347 0·300* 0·023, 0·576 1·199 –0·108, 2·507
Physical activity (h/week)§ 1200 4·7 5·4 –0·013 –0·027, 0·001 0·015 –0·006, 0·037 –0·011 –0·023, 0·002 –0·066* –0·126, –0·006
BMI (per kg/m2) 1200 25·9 4·8 –0·005 –0·021, 0·010 0·003 –0·021, 0·027 –0·001 –0·015, 0·013 –0·010 –0·076, 0·058
Area-level SES (per decile) 1200 6·2 2·4 –0·016 –0·048, 0·015 0·024 –0·025, 0·073 –0·022 –0·051, 0·007 –0·109 –0·247, 0·027

SES, socio-economic status.

†

Education level, hours of work per week and household income treated as ordinal variables (categorical); age, physical activity, BMI and area-level SES treated as continuous variables; remaining characteristics treated as binary variables. Reference levels = female; single, separated/divorced/widowed/no response; no children <18 years at home; don’t drive/no access to motor vehicle/sometimes access to motor vehicle.

‡

Based on single factor mixed model accounting for clustering in the seventy-three new developments. Significant results in bold. *P ≤ 0·05, **P ≤ 0·01.

§

Total hours per week of walking/cycling for recreation/transport and moderate to vigorous leisure time physical activity.