Table 3.
Single factor associations between changes in individual behaviours, perceptions and spatial exposure to the local food environment with changes in dietary outcomes from T1 to T2
| Independent change variables | Δ Healthy diet† | Δ Unhealthy diet† | Δ Fruit/vegetable intake† | Δ Diet quality† | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| β | 95 % CI | β | 95 % CI | β | 95 % CI | β | 95 % CI | |
| Individual behaviours | ||||||||
| Frequency of eating meals bought from a canteen or takeaway food shop | –0·088*** | –0·139, –0·038 | 0·290*** | 0·212, 0·368 | –0·068** | –0·114, –0·022 | –0·515*** | –0·731, –0·299 |
| Frequency of eating meals bought from a restaurant or café | –0·025 | –0·083, 0·034 | 0·169*** | 0·078, 0·259 | –0·030 | –0·083, 0·023 | –0·239 | –0·489, 0·011 |
| Walk in neighbourhood to/from a café or restaurant‡ | ||||||||
| Decrease (yes to no) | –0·160 | –0·508, 0·188 | 0·339 | –0·203, 0·882 | –0·089 | –0·405, 0·227 | –1·111 | –2·600, 0·377 |
| Increase (no to yes) | –0·151 | –0·540, 0·238 | 0·236 | –0·368, 0·839 | –0·078 | –0·433, 0·275 | –0·491 | –2·151, 1·169 |
| Perceptions of the local food environment | ||||||||
| Presence of a café or restaurant within 15 min walk of home‡ | ||||||||
| Decrease (yes to no) | 0·003 | –0·153, 0·159 | 0·011 | –0·231, 0·253 | 0·022 | –0·119, 0·164 | –0·007 | –0·674, 0·659 |
| Increase (no to yes) | 0·067 | –0·145, 0·279 | 0·406* | 0·078, 0·733 | 0·020 | –0·173, 0·213 | 0·066 | –0·836, 0·968 |
| Presence of a supermarket/greengrocer within 15 min walk of home‡ | ||||||||
| Decrease (yes to no) | 0·061 | –0·084, 0·205 | 0·154 | –0·069, 0·377 | 0·049 | –0·082, 0·180 | 0·077 | –0·538, 0·692 |
| Increase (no to yes) | 0·047 | –0·203, 0·298 | 0·402* | 0·015, 0·788 | 0·046 | –0·182, 0·274 | –0·038 | –1·103, 1·027 |
| Spatial exposure to the local food environment | ||||||||
| Within 1·6 km road network buffer | ||||||||
| Count takeaway/fast food | –0·006 | –0·016, 0·003 | 0·010 | –0·005, 0·024 | –0·006 | –0·014, 0·002 | –0·013 | –0·053, 0·026 |
| Count café restaurant | –0·006 | –0·014, 0·002 | 0·020** | 0·007, 0·033 | –0·006 | –0·014, 0·002 | –0·018 | –0·054, 0·017 |
| Count convenience store | –0·008 | –0·034, 0·018 | 0·049* | 0·010, 0·089 | –0·015 | –0·039, 0·008 | –0·059 | –0·169, 0·050 |
| Count supermarket/greengrocer | –0·008 | –0·027, 0·010 | –0·002 | –0·030, 0·026 | –0·007 | –0·024, 0·009 | 0·005 | –0·072, 0·082 |
| MRFEI (%) | 0·003** | 0·001, 0·005 | –0·001 | –0·004, 0·002 | 0·002* | 0·001, 0·004 | 0·009 | –0·000, 0·018 |
| Road network distance to nearest (km) | ||||||||
| Takeaway/fast food | 0·035 | –0·012, 0·083 | –0·013 | –0·084, 0·058 | 0·036 | –0·007, 0·080 | 0·090 | –0·104, 0·284 |
| Café restaurant | 0·042 | –0·001, 0·084 | –0·007 | –0·070, 0·056 | 0·035 | –0·003, 0·074 | 0·105 | –0·068, 0·278 |
| Convenience store | 0·006 | –0·061, 0·074 | –0·084 | –0·184, 0·015 | 0·024 | –0·037, 0·085 | 0·069 | –0·205, 0·343 |
| Supermarket/greengrocer | 0·001 | –0·037, 0·040 | –0·019 | –0·075, 0·037 | 0·004 | –0·031, 0·039 | –0·016 | –0·170, 0·139 |
MRFEI, modified retail food environment index (higher numbers mean a greater percentage of healthy food outlets).
†
Adjusted for all baseline participant characteristics, baseline diet, time between T1 and T2 questionnaire completion, self-selection variables and accounting for clustering in the seventy-three new developments. Significant results in bold. *P ≤ 0·05, **P ≤ 0·01, ***P ≤ 0·001.
‡
Reference level = no change.