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. 2019 Aug 30;23(5):843–860. doi: 10.1017/S1368980019002362

Table 2.

Dietary patterns according to socio-economic and cultural characteristics of adolescents* (four reports)

First author, year, reference Population, design, time of collection, country Age (years) n Diet collection method Exposure variables (number of categories) Main associations Adjustments
Araujo (2015)(37) EPITeen study, public and private schools of Porto, cohort at baseline, 2003–2004, Portugal 13 1489 FFQ

  • Parental educ. (in years, 4)

  • Higher % of higher educ. in ‘Healthier’ and ‘Dairy products’ patterns

 None

  • Parental educ. (in years, 4)

  • Higher educ. increase odds to be in ‘Healthier’ and ‘Dairy products’ patterns and decrease odds to be in ‘Fast-food and sweets’ pattern

 Sex, regular practice of sports, leisure-time activities, TV watching on weekend, fried-food consumption, BMI and mother’s BMI

  • Living with both parents (2)

  • NS

 None

  • Mother’s occup. (3)

  • Higher % of white collar in ‘Healthier’ and ‘Dairy products’ patterns

 None
Bibiloni (2012)(40) Balearic Islands, cross-sectional, 2007–2008, Spain 12–17 1231 24hR (×2), FFQ

  • Parental educ. (3)

  • ‘Western’ pattern asso. with low educ. (girls) and ‘Mediterranean’ pattern asso. with medium and high educ. (girls)

 In univariate analysis only. NS when adjusted for age group, number of daily meals and snacks, media screen time, sleep time, physical activity, body composition, desire to change weight and all SES variables

  • Parental occup. (3)

  • ‘Western’ pattern asso. with low occup. and ‘Mediterranean’ pattern asso. with high occup. (girls)
Northstone (2013)(38) ALSPAC study, cohort at follow-up age 7, 10 and 13 years, 1998, 2001 and 2004, UK 7, 10 and 13 6837, 6972 and 5661 Record (3 d)

  • Ethnicity (2)

  • Staying in ‘processed’ cluster asso. with being non-White (v. White)

 Sex, ethnicity, maternal age, maternal smoking and all SES variables

  • Maternal educ. (3)

  • Staying in ‘healthy’ cluster at 3 time points asso. with higher maternal educ. and staying in ‘processed’ cluster asso. with lower maternal educ.

  • Housing tenure (3)

  • NS
Northstone (2014)(39) ALSPAC study, cohort at follow-up age 13 years, 2004, UK 13 3951 FFQ

  • Ethnicity (2)

  • ‘Snack/sugared drinks’ pattern asso. with being White (v. non-White) and ‘vegetarian’ pattern asso. with being non-White (v. White)

 Sex, maternal age and all SES variables

  • Maternal educ. (5)

  • ‘Traditional/health conscious’ and ‘vegetarian’ pattern asso. with higher maternal educ. and ‘processed’ and ‘snack/sugared drinks’ patterns asso. with lower maternal educ.

  • Mother has a partner (2)

  • NS

  • Mother in employment (2)

  • ‘Traditional/health conscious’ pattern asso. with being unemployed (v. working) and ‘snack/sugared drinks’ pattern asso. with working (v. being unemployed)

  • Older sibling (3)

  • ‘Processed’ and ‘snack/sugared drinks’ patterns asso. with presence of two or more older or younger siblings

  • Younger siblings (3)

EPITeen, Epidemiological Health Investigation of Teenagers in Porto; ALSPAC, Avon Longitudinal Study of Parents and Children; 24hR, 24 h recall; educ., education; occup., occupation; asso., associated; TV, television; SES, socio-economic status.

*

Details on risk of bias assessment are not presented since only studies of good quality are tabulated.