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. 2019 Aug 30;23(5):843–860. doi: 10.1017/S1368980019002362

Table 3.

Diet scores according to socio-economic or cultural characteristics of adolescents* (six reports)

First author, year, reference Population, design, time of collection, country Age (years) n Diet collection method Score Exposure variables (number of categories) Main associations Adjustments
Beghin (2014)(48) HELENA study, cross-sectional, 2006–2007, eight European countries 12·5–17·5 1768 24hR (× 2) DQI-AM

  • Parental educ. (3)

  • Higher score when educ. higher (Northern Europe)

 Sex, age and energy intake

  • Parental occup. (3)

  • Higher score when occup. higher
Finger (2015)(49) KiGGs study, cross-sectional, 2003–2006, Germany 11–17 6359 FFQ HuSKY

  • Parental educ. (3)

  • Higher score when educ. higher

 Age, region, leisure time, media use, total energy expenditure, BMI-for-age, perceived weight status and all SES variables

  • Parental occup. (3)

  • NS

  • Household income (tertiles)

  • NS
Grosso (2013)(50) Secondary schools of Sicily, cross-sectional, 2010–2011, Italy 13–16 1135 FFQ KIDMED index

  • SES index (parental educ. and occup., 3)

  • Higher score when SES higher

 Sex, BMI, physical activity and all SES variables
Kastorini (2016)(46) DIATROFI, schools in areas of low SES, intervention study at baseline and after intervention, 2012–2013, Greece 3–18 3941 FFQ KIDMED index

  • Maternal educ. (3)

  • Higher score when maternal educ. higher

 Age, sex, food insecurity, time of collection (before v. after) and all SES variables

  • Mother’s country of birth (2)

  • Higher score when mother born in Greece than in another country

  • Paternal income source (yes/no)

  • Higher score when presence of paternal income
Ozen (2015)(51) Balearic Islands, cross-sectional, 2007–2008, Spain 12–17 1691 24hR (× 2), FFQ Mediterranean diet score

  • Parental educ. (3)

  • Low adherence to score asso. with low maternal educ. (v. high) among non-functional food consumers

 Age, sex, BMI, physical activity, chronic diseases and all SES variables

  • Parental occup. (3)

  • Low adherence to score asso. with medium paternal work status (v. high) among non-functional food consumers
Yannakoulia (2016)(47) DIATROFI, schools in areas of low SES, cross-sectional, 2012–2013, Greece 3–18 11 717 FFQ KIDMED index

  • Parental educ. (3)

  • Higher score when educ. higher

  • Higher score when maternal educ. higher

 Age, sex, sedentary and sports activities and all SES variables

  • FAS (3)

  • Higher score when FAS higher

HELENA, Healthy Lifestyle in Europe by Nutrition in Adolescence; KiGGs, German Health Interview and Examination Survey for Children and Adolescents; 24hR, 24 h recall; DQI-AM, Diet Quality Index for Adolescents; HuSKY, Healthy Nutrition Score for Children and Youth; KIDMED, Mediterranean Diet Quality Index for Children and Adolescents; educ., education; occup., occupation; SES, socio-economic status; FAS, Family Affluence Scale; asso., associated.

*

Details on risk of bias assessment are not presented since only studies of good quality are tabulated.