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. 2019 Aug 30;23(5):843–860. doi: 10.1017/S1368980019002362

Table 4.

Vegetable and fruit consumptions according to socio-economic or cultural characteristics of adolescents* (eight reports)

First author, year, reference Population, design, time of collection, country Age (years) n Diet collection method Intake or frequency of consumption Exposure variables (number of categories) Association Adjustments
Drewnowski (2015)(52) NHANES, repeated cross-sectional, 2007–2010, USA 14–19 1834 24hR (× 2)

  • % of population having total fruit intake < 1·5 cup-equiv./d

  • Race/ethnicity (4)

  • Lower % of non-Hispanic-Black and ‘other Hispanic’ than non-Hispanic-White

 None

  • Family PIR (3)

  • Higher % of population when income lower

 None

  • Whole fruit intake (cup-equiv./d)

  • Family PIR (3)

  • Higher when income higher

 None and for sex and race/ethnicity

  • 100 % fruit juice intake (cup-equiv./d)

  • Family PIR (3)

  • NS

 None and for sex and race/ethnicity
Drouillet-Pinard (2017)(56) INCA2 study, cross-sectional, 2006–2007, France 11–17 881 Record (7 d)

  • Vegetable intake (g/d)

  • Parental occup. (4)

  • NS

 Age, sex and energy intake

  • Parental educ. (3)

  • NS

  • Household income (tertiles)

  • NS

  • Household wealth index (tertiles)

  • NS

  • Global SES index (all SES indicators combined, tertiles)

  • NS

  • Fruit intake (g/d)

  • Parental occup. (4)

  • Higher when educ., occup. status, income, wealth and SES higher

  • Parental educ. (3)

  • Household income (tertiles)

  • Household wealth index (tertiles)

  • Global SES index (all SES indicators combined, tertiles)

Finger (2015)(49) KiGGs study, cross-sectional, 2003–2006, Germany 11–17 6359 FFQ

  • Vegetable high or low intake (ratio of g/d intake divided by age- and sex-recommended amount)

  • Parental educ. (3)

  • Higher when educ. higher (boys)

 Age, region, leisure-time physical activity, media use, total energy expenditure, BMI-for-age and all SES variables

  • Parental occup. (3)

  • NS

  • Household income (tertiles)

  • NS

  • Fruit high or low intake (ratio of g/d intake divided by age- and sex-recommended amount)

  • Parental educ. (3)

  • Higher when educ. higher

  • Parental occup. (3)

  • NS

  • Household income (tertiles)

  • NS
Grosso (2013)(50) Secondary schools of Sicily, cross-sectional, 2010–2011, Italy 13–16 1135 FFQ

  • Vegetable intake (g/d)

  • SES index (parental educ. and occup., 3)

  • NS

 Age, sex, BMI, physical activity, place of living and SES

  • Fruit intake (g/d)

  • SES index (parental educ. and occup., 3)

  • NS
Grosso (2013)(54) Secondary schools of Sicily, cross-sectional, 2010–2011, Italy 13–16 1135 FFQ

  • Vegetable daily consumption

  • Parental educ. (3)

  • Higher when educ. higher

 Age, sex, BMI, daily eat between meals, weekly breakfast, lunch and dinner with parents, influences on food choice and all SES variables

  • Parental occup. (3)

  • Higher when skilled professions

  • Child educ. (2)

  • NS

  • Fruit daily consumption

  • Parental educ. (3)

  • Higher when educ. higher

  • Parental occup. (3)

  • Higher when skilled professions

  • Child educ. (2)

  • NS
Harris (2015)(57) GINIplus study, cohort at follow-up age 10 and 15 years, 2005–2008 and 2010–2013, Germany 10–15 1232 FFQ

  • Change v. tracking of vegetable intake over time (% of energy intake)

  • Parental educ. (2)

  • NS

 Age at baseline, baseline energy intake, diet changes, study centre, study intervention arm, pubertal onset, BMI, screen time and all SES variables

  • Family income (tertiles)

  • NS

  • Change v. tracking of fruit intake over time (% of energy intake)

  • Parental educ. (2)

  • NS

  • Family income (tertiles)

  • NS
Lehto (2015)(55) PROGREENS study, cross-sectional, 2009, ten European countries 11 479 to 1218 FFQ

  • Vegetable daily consumption

  • Parental educ. (2)

  • Higher when educ. higher (FI, DE, GR, IS, NO, PT, SL)

 Sex and age

  • Fruit daily consumption

  • Parental educ. (2)

  • Higher when educ. higher (BG, GR, IS, NO, PT)
Llull (2015)(58) Balearic Islands, cross-sectional, 2007–2008, Spain 12–17 1231 FFQ

  • Vegetable daily consumption

  • Birthplace (4)

  • Higher for Latin America than Balearic Islands

 Sex and age

  • Birthplace (2)

  • Higher for non-Mediterranean

  • Length of time living in Balearic Islands (4)

  • Lower when length of time higher

  • Fruit daily consumption

  • Birthplace (4)

  • Higher for Latin America than Balearic Islands

  • Birthplace (2)

  • NS

  • NS

  • Length of time living in Balearic Islands (4)

  • Fruit and vegetable daily consumption

  • Birthplace (3)

  • Higher for Latin America than Balearic Islands

  • Birthplace (2)

  • Higher for non-Mediterranean

NHANES, National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey; INCA2, second French national cross-sectional dietary survey; KiGGs, German Health Interview and Examination Survey for Children and Adolescents; 24hR, 24 h recall; equiv., equivalents, PIR, poverty income ratio; occup., occupation; educ., education; SES, socio-economic status; FI, Finland; DE, Germany; GR, Greece; IS, Iceland; NO, Norway; PT, Portugal; SL, Slovenia; BG, Bulgaria.

*

Details on risk of bias assessment are not presented since only studies of good quality are tabulated.