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. 2019 Aug 30;23(5):843–860. doi: 10.1017/S1368980019002362

Table 7.

Salty and sweet energy-dense food consumption according to socio-economic or cultural characteristics of adolescents* (five reports)

First author, year, reference Population, design, time of collection, country Age (years) n Diet collection method Intake or frequency of consumption Exposure variables (number of categories) Association Adjustments
Drouillet-Pinard (2017)(56) INCA2 study, cross-sectional, 2006–2007, France 11–17 881 Record (7 d) Stewed fruit/fruit in syrup, dairy desserts, cakes and pastries, confectionery, pizza and sandwich intakes (g/d)

  • Parental occup. (4)

  • Dairy desserts higher and cakes and pastries lower when occup. lower

 Age, gender and energy intake

  • Parental educ. (3)

  • Dairy desserts higher when educ. lower

  • Household income (tertiles)

  • NS

  • Household wealth index (tertiles)

  • NS

  • Global SES index (all SES indicators combined, tertiles)

  • Cakes and pastries lower when SES lower
Finger (2015)(49) KiGGs study, cross-sectional, 2003–2006, Germany 11–17 6359 FFQ High or low energy-dense food intake (ratio of g/d intake divided by age- and sex-recommended amount)

  • Parental educ. (3)

  • Higher when educ. lower

 Age, region, media use, total energy expenditure, familial leisure activity, BMI-for-age, perceived weight status and all SES variables

  • Parental occup. (3)

  • Higher when occup. lower

  • Household income (tertiles)

  • Higher when income lower (boys)
Grosso (2013)(50) Secondary schools of Sicily, cross-sectional, 2010–2011, Italy 13–16 1135 FFQ Intakes of fast foods, snacks and sweets (g/d)

  • SES index (parental educ. and occup., 3)

  • NS

 Age, gender, BMI, physical activity, place of living and SES
Harris (2015)(57) GINIplus study, cohort at follow-up age 10 and 15 years, 2005–2008 and 2010–2013, Germany 10–15 1232 FFQ Sugar-sweetened food intake: change v. tracking over time (% of energy intake)

  • Parental educ. (2)

  • NS

 Age at baseline, baseline energy intake, diet changes, study centre, study intervention arm, pubertal onset, BMI, screen time and all SES variables

  • Family income (tertiles)

  • NS
Llull (2015)(58) Balearic Islands, cross-sectional, 2007–2008, Spain 12–17 1231 FFQ Sweets and pastries daily consumption

  • Birthplace (4)

  • Sweets higher for Latin America than Balearic Islands

 Gender and age

  • Birthplace (2)

  • Sweets higher for non-Mediterranean

  • Length of time living in Balearic Islands (4)

  • Higher when length of time lower

INCA2, second French national cross-sectional dietary survey; KiGGs, German Health Interview and Examination Survey for Children and Adolescents; occup., occupation; educ., education; SES, socio-economic status.

*

Details on risk of bias assessment are not presented since only studies of good quality are tabulated.