Table 1.

Descriptive statistics for outcome variables and the main explanatory variable, WesternFAFH, for male and female adults, adolescents and children

			Male		Female		Male v. Female
Variables	Description		Mean	sd	Mean	sd	|t |-statistic	df
Dependent variables
Calories	Individual’s daily average caloric intake	Adults	2221	448	2273	443	3·47***	3532
		Adolescents	2385	472	2396	608	0·24	549
		Children	2205	573	2166	616	0·97	910
Carbohydrates	Individual’s daily average share of total calories from carbohydrates	Adults	62·01	7·10	62·83	7·00	5·79***	3532
		Adolescents	61·85	6·69	61·10	7·36	1·02	549
		Children	59·86	8·40	59·70	8·82	1·13	910
Fat	Individual’s daily average share of total calories from fat	Adults	20·89	4·23	20·08	4·40	2·24**	3532
		Adolescents	21·03	2·60	21·50	4·30	1·27	549
		Children	22·05	6·36	22·20	3·93	0·05	910
Protein	Individual’s daily average share of total calories from protein	Adults	17·10	2·97	16·90	2·87	4·42***	3532
		Adolescents	17·12	4·30	17·40	3·07	0·75	549
		Children	18·09	3·27	18·10	6·27	1·81*	910
Explanatory variable
WesternFAFH	Individual’s daily average share of total calories from western food purchased and consumed away from home	Adults	6·62	9·52	6·60	8·81	0·07	3532
		Adolescents	13·26	11·07	12·39	10·74	0·94	549
		Children	12·96	10·02	12·88	9·16	0·12	910
Number of individuals		Adults (≥ 18 years)	1750		1784
		Adolescents (10–17 years)	284		267
		Children (0–9 years)	448		464
Number of households		1685

Asterisks ***, ** and * indicate statistical significance at the 1, 5 and 10 % levels, respectively.

Source: Authors’ estimation from Vietnam Urban Food Consumption and Expenditure Study.