Table 4·2.
Three-stage multivariate regression results for the estimation of adolescent and child macronutrient shares (carbohydrates, fat and protein)
| Male (n 284) | Female (n 267) | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Carbohydrates | Fat | Protein | Carbohydrates | Fat | Protein | |
| Panel A: Adolescents | ||||||
| WesternFAFH | –0·102*** | 0·142*** | –0·024 | –0·088** | 0·146*** | –0·041** |
| Age | 1·816 | –1·181 | 0·094 | 7·420*** | –1·570 | –3·100*** |
| Age 2 | –0·051 | 0·033 | –0·007 | –0·252*** | 0·058 | 0·099*** |
| ConsFreq | 0·201 | –0·063 | –0·069 | 0·735* | –0·409* | –0·026 |
| WatchTV | –0·846** | 0·421* | 0·193 | 0·074 | –0·150 | 0·006 |
| HouseholdSize | –0·018 | 0·187 | –0·054 | 0·343 | 0·168 | –0·472* |
| EduMale | 0·065 | 0·017 | –0·071 | –0·040 | 0·128 | –0·057 |
| EduFemale | –0·005 | 0·028 | –0·050 | 0·317 | –0·232* | –0·082 |
| FemaleWork | 0·004 | –0·007 | 0·002 | –0·016 | 0·009 | 0·008 |
| Buddhist | 0·854 | 0·157 | –0·623 | –2·170 | 0·968 | 0·511 |
| Christian | 3·130 | 0·162 | –2·100*** | –1·673 | –0·329 | 1·091 |
| Income (Ref: LowInc) | ||||||
| LowerMiddleInc | 0·558 | 0·270 | –0·295 | –1·831 | 1·627 | –0·670 |
| UpperMiddleInc | –0·262 | 0·532 | –0·077 | –4·155 | 3·140** | –0·530 |
| HighInc | 0·965 | –0·096 | –0·323 | –4·327 | 3·217** | –0·115 |
| HCMC | 0·145 | –1·714* | 0·922 | 5·688*** | –3·240*** | –1·262* |
| Constant | 51·320*** | 30·360*** | 19·370*** | 6·862 | 33·190*** | 45·620*** |
| Breusch-Pagan χ2 | 347·200*** | 286·500*** | ||||
| R-squared | 0·080 | 0·170 | 0·070 | 0·160 | 0·230 | 0·160 |
| Panel B: Children | Male (n 448) | Female (n 464) | ||||
| WesternFAFH | –0·077** | 0·116*** | –0·015 | 0·035 | 0·008 | –0·012 |
| Age | 3·416*** | –3·370*** | –0·182 | 1·963*** | –2·830*** | 0·089 |
| Age 2 | –0·278*** | 0·275*** | 0·003 | –0·136** | 0·220*** | –0·019 |
| ConsFreq | 0·660* | 0·042 | –0·159 | 0·125 | 0·538* | 0·098 |
| WatchTV | 0·619* | –0·417* | –0·126 | 0·955*** | –0·465** | –0·304** |
| Household_size | –0·015 | 0·291 | –0·509** | –0·343 | 0·069 | 0·260 |
| EduMale | –0·169 | –0·006 | 0·097 | 0·058 | –0·028 | 0·006 |
| EduFemale | –0·026 | 0·014 | –0·044 | –0·277 | 0·098 | 0·061 |
| FemaleWork | 0·005 | –0·008 | –0·002 | 0·001 | –0·012 | 0·008 |
| Buddhist | 0·233 | –0·920 | 0·202 | 0·716 | –0·417 | –0·542 |
| Christian | 0·431 | –1·789 | 0·761 | 0·795 | –0·913 | –0·331 |
| Income (Ref: LowIncome) | ||||||
| LowerMiddle | 0·843 | –0·113 | –0·828 | 1·854 | 0·257 | –2·060* |
| UpperMiddle | 0·128 | 0·594 | –0·740 | 2·594 | 0·525 | –2·740*** |
| HighIncome | –0·073 | 0·831 | –0·415 | 1·845 | 1·344 | –3·010*** |
| HCMC | 2·838** | –2·450*** | 0·016 | 1·978 | –2·850*** | 0·963 |
| Constant | 48·910*** | 34·690*** | 21·700*** | 52·310*** | 31·650*** | 19·540*** |
| Breusch–Pagan χ 2 | 430·100*** | 485·200*** | ||||
| R-squared | 0·217 | 0·381 | 0·056 | 0·132 | 0·261 | 0·050 |
Asterisks ***, ** and * indicate statistical significance at the 1, 5 and 10 % levels, respectively. 1 USD = 22 318 VND in 30 December 2016. Ref is reference level of income. Total number of individuals is represented by n. Full results with standard errors are reported in online Appendix C, Table A4.2 for adolescents and Table A4.3 for children. The Breusch–Pagan χ 2 in the multivariate regression analyses is sufficiently large to reject the null hypothesis of homoscedasticity of the error terms in equations (7) to (9), thus confirming that the estimated variance of the residuals in all models is dependent on the values of the independent variables.