Table 2.
Energy, macro- and micronutrient intake of tree nut snack consumers defined by any amount of daily consumption or ≥7·08 gram consumption per day, in the UK adult population (≥19 years) based on National Diet and Nutrition Survey 2008–2014, n 4738
| Nutrients | TNS-A | P-value | TNS-B | P-value | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Consumers | Non-consumers | Consumers | Non-consumers | |||||||
| n 484 | n 4254 | n 224 | n 4514 | |||||||
| Estimated marginal mean | 95 % CI | Estimated marginal mean | 95 % CI | Estimated marginal mean | 95 % CI | Estimated marginal mean | 95 % CI | |||
| Macronutrients (diet only, % food energy)* | ||||||||||
| Total energy (kJ) | 7365·1† | 6335·8, 8393·9 | 6548·0 | 5532·5, 7563·0 | <0·001 | 7628·3† | 6581·4, 8675·5 | 6782·7 | 5771·8, 7793·5 | <0·001 |
| Food energy (kJ) | 7127.0† | 6155·9, 8098·6 | 6373·9 | 5415·4, 7332·0 | <0·001 | 7417·8† | 6430·0, 8405·2 | 6580·2 | 5626·6, 7533·3 | <0·001 |
| Protein | 17·4 | 15·5, 19·2 | 17·3 | 15·5, 19·2 | 0·827 | 17·5 | 15·7, 19·4 | 17·3 | 15·5, 19·1 | 0·384 |
| Fat | 37·1† | 34·2, 40·0 | 35·1 | 32·2, 38·0 | <0·001 | 37·6† | 34·7, 40·5 | 35·2 | 32·3, 38·0 | <0·001 |
| Saturated fatty acids | 12·2† | 10·6, 13·7 | 12·5 | 11·0, 14·0 | 0·035 | 11·8† | 10·2, 13·3 | 12·3 | 10·8, 13·9 | 0·008 |
| cis-Monounsaturated fatty acids | 14·3† | 13·0, 15·6 | 13·0 | 11·8, 14·3 | <0·001 | 15·0† | 13·6, 16·3 | 13·1 | 11·8, 14·4 | <0·001 |
| cis n-6 fatty acids | 6·2† | 5·5, 6·9 | 5·3 | 4·6, 6·0 | <0·001 | 6·6 † | 5·8, 7·3 | 5·4 | 4·7, 6·1 | <0·001 |
| cis n-3 fatty acids‡ | 1·1† | 0·9, 1·3 | 1·0 | 0·8, 1·2 | <0·001 | 1·0 | 0·8, 1·1 | 1·0 | 0·9, 1·1 | 0·469 |
| Trans fatty acids | 0·5† | 0·4, 0·7 | 0·6 | 0·5, 0·7 | <0·001 | 0·5† | 0·3, 0·6 | 0·6 | 0·4, 0·7 | <0·001 |
| Carbohydrate | 45·6† | 42·4, 48·8 | 47·6 | 44·4, 50·8 | <0·001 | 44·9† | 41·7, 48·2 | 47·6 | 44·4, 50·7 | <0·001 |
| Total sugars | 17·7 | 14·5, 20·9 | 17·2 | 14·1, 20·4 | 0·139 | 18·1 | 14·9, 21·4 | 17·8 | 14·6, 20·9 | 0·399 |
| Starch | 27·9† | 25·1, 30·6 | 30·3 | 27·6, 33·0 | <0·001 | 26·7† | 24·0, 29·5 | 29·8 | 27·1, 32·4 | <0·001 |
| Non-milk extrinsic sugars | 7·7† | 4·7, 10·7 | 8·7 | 5·8, 11·7 | 0·001 | 7·5† | 4·4, 10·5 | 9·0 | 6·1, 11·9 | <0·001 |
| Intrinsic milk sugars and starch | 37·8† | 34·8, 40·9 | 38·8 | 35·8, 41·9 | 0·001 | 34·3† | 32·5, 36·2 | 35·9 | 34·4, 37·6 | 0·003 |
| Intrinsic milk sugars‡ | 10·0† | 8·2, 11·8 | 8·5 | 6·8, 10·3 | <0·001 | 9·9† | 8·1, 12·1 | 7·9 | 6·5, 9·6 | <0·001 |
| Non-starch polysaccharides (Englyst Fibre, g) | 15·1† | 13·2, 16·9 | 13·3 | 11·4, 15·1 | <0·001 | 15·8† | 13·9, 17·7 | 13·7 | 11·9, 15·5 | <0·001 |
| Alcohol (g)‡ § | 12·1 | 8·8, 16·5 | 12·9 | 9·6, 17·5 | 0·290 | 10·0† | 7·1, 14·0 | 12·7 | 9·6, 16·9 | 0·013 |
The actual sample size in the computation for vitamin A and vitamin D, for TNS-A consumers was 314 and for TNS-A non-consumers was 2172, whereas for TNS-B consumers was 138 and for TNS-B non-consumers was 2348. The actual sample size in the computation for alcohol, cis-n3 fatty acids, intrinsic milk sugars and starch, vitamin E, vitamin B6, vitamin B12, vitamin C, copper and selenium for TNS-B consumers was 138 and for TNS-B non-consumers was 2348. There were no missing values in the computation for other nutrients as outcomes.
Survey-adjusted generalised linear model (GLM) with a linear link function and predictors such as age, sex, ethnicity, region of residency, socio-economic and smoking status was used for energy intake as an outcome for TNS-A; survey-adjusted GLM with a linear link function and predictors such as age, sex, ethnicity, region of residency, socio-economic and smoking status, alcohol and energy intakes was used for other macronutrient intake outcomes for TNS-A; survey-adjusted GLM with a linear link function and predictors such as age, sex, ethnicity, region of residency, socio-economic and smoking status, and energy intake was used for alcohol intake as an outcome for TNS-A. The same statistical analysis was conducted for TNS-B, but region of residency was excluded from predictors.
P < 0·05 showed a significant difference.
Geometric marginal means were presented due to non-normally distributed residual data in TNS-B population.
Geometric marginal means were presented due to non-normally distributed residual data in TNS-A population.
Survey-adjusted GLM with a linear link function and predictors: age, sex, ethnicity, region of residency, socio-economic and smoking status, alcohol and energy intakes was used for TNS-A. The same statistical analysis was conducted for TNS-B but region of residency was excluded from predictors.