Table 3.
CVD risk marker values in UK adults (≥19 years) based on National Diet and Nutrition Survey 2008–2014, in consumers of any amount of tree nut snack (TNS-A) and non-consumers, and the association of tree nut snack consumption and risk markers
| CVD risk marker | Value† | ||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Consumers n 484 |
Non-consumers n 4254 |
P-value | Associations between tree nut consumption and CVD risk markers‡ | ||||||
| Estimated marginal mean | 95 % CI | Estimated marginal mean | 95 % CI | β | 95 % CI | P-value | R 2 | ||
| BMI (kg/m2)§,|| | 25·4 | 24·0, 26·8 | 26·3 | 25·0, 27·8 | 0·002* | 1·035 | 0·991, 1·081 | 0·128 | 0·121 |
| WC (cm)¶ | 91·5 | 88·5, 94.6 | 94·2 | 91·5, 97·0 | <0·001* | 0·094 | –0·080, 0·268 | 0·289 | 0·293 |
| SBP (mmHg)†† | 119·7 | 116·2, 123·2 | 124·0 | 120·8, 127·1 | <0·001* | –0·242 | –0·458, –0·026 | 0·028* | 0·286 |
| DBP (mmHg)†† | 69·2 | 66·8, 71·7 | 72·0 | 69·7, 74·2 | <0·001* | –0·034 | –0·196, 0·127 | 0·677 | 0·033 |
| TC (mmol/l)‡‡ | 4·9 | 4·5, 5·3 | 4·9 | 4·5, 5·3 | 0·627 | 0·011 | –0·007, 0·029 | 0·218 | 0·109 |
| TAG (mmol/l)§,§§ | 1·1 | 0·9, 1·3 | 1·1 | 0·9, 1·4 | 0·220 | 0·972 | 0·813, 1·164 | 0·757 | 0·084 |
| HDL-C (mmol/l)‡‡ | 1·5 | 1·4, 1·7 | 1·4 | 1·3, 1·6 | 0·008* | –0·001 | –0·009, 0·007 | 0·754 | 0·277 |
| LDL-C (mmol/l)|||| | 2·9 | 2·6, 3·3 | 2·9 | 2·6, 3·2 | 0·980 | 0·011 | –0·006, 0·028 | 0·204 | 0·046 |
| TC:HDL-C‡‡ | 3·5 | 3·1, 4·0 | 3·6 | 3·2, 4·0 | 0·412 | 0·016 | –0·005, 0·037 | 0·143 | 0·163 |
| CRP (mg/l)§,¶¶ | 1·9 | 1·3, 2·6 | 2·1 | 1.5, 2·9 | 0·062 | 1·194 | 0·933, 1·528 | 0·157 | 0·095 |
BMI, body mass index; WC, waist circumference; SBP, systolic blood pressure; DBP, diastolic blood pressure; TC, total cholesterol; TAG, triglycerides; HDL-C, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol; LDL-C, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol; CRP, C-reactive protein
Survey-adjusted generalised linear model with a linear link function and predictors, such as age, sex, ethnicity, region of residency, socio-economic and smoking status, alcohol and energy intakes was used.
Survey-adjusted multivariable linear regression was used, adjusted for age, sex, ethnicity, region of residency, socio-economic and smoking status and alcohol intake.
Geometric marginal means and geometric β values were presented due to non-normally distributed residual data. Geometric β values were interpreted as ratios of geometric means.
Due to missing data, sample sizes were as follows: tree nut snack-A consumers || 241, ¶ 384, †† 326, ‡‡ 274, §§,¶¶ 176 and |||| 273; non-consumers ||1,616, ¶ 3,110, †† 2,456, ‡‡ 2,132, §§ 1,161, |||| 2,096 and ¶¶ 1,164.
P < 0·05 showed a significant difference.