Table 1.
Characteristics of the study participants: middle-aged and elderly adults (n 3051) aged 40–75 years at baseline, Guangzhou Nutrition and Health Study, China, 2010–2013
| Characteristic | Women | Men | P value | Non-NAFLD | NAFLD | P value | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| n or mean | % or sd | n or mean | % or sd | n or mean | % or sd | n or mean | % or sd | |||
| n and % | 2083 | 68·3 | 968 | 31·7 | 1503 | 49·3 | 1548 | 50·7 | ||
| Age (years) | 62·5 | 5·4 | 65·3 | 6·3 | <0·001 | 63·1 | 6·0 | 63·6 | 5·7 | 0·008 |
| BMI (kg/m2) | 23·4 | 3·2 | 24·0 | 3·0 | <0·001 | 22·1 | 2·6 | 25·0 | 3·0 | <0·001 |
| Waist circumference (cm) | 84·3 | 8·8 | 86·1 | 8·6 | <0·001 | 81·3 | 7·9 | 88·4 | 8·2 | <0·001 |
| Smoker† | 10 | 0·5 | 341 | 35·2 | <0·001 | 165 | 11·0 | 186 | 12·0 | 0·369 |
| Tea drinker‡ | 1011 | 48·5 | 710 | 73·3 | <0·001 | 786 | 52·3 | 935 | 60·4 | <0·001 |
| Alcohol drinker§ | 78 | 3·7 | 156 | 16·1 | <0·001 | 110 | 7·3 | 124 | 8·0 | 0·473 |
| Oestrogen user∥ | 134 | 6·4 | – | – | – | 84 | 5·6 | 50 | 3·2 | 0·001 |
| Multivitamin user¶ | 448 | 21·5 | 130 | 13·4 | <0·001 | 288 | 19·2 | 290 | 18·7 | 0·763 |
| Household income (yuan/person per month) | 0·119 | 0·936 | ||||||||
| <4000 | 1820 | 87·4 | 825 | 85·2 | 1304 | 86·8 | 1341 | 86·6 | ||
| 4000–6000 | 169 | 8·1 | 98 | 10·1 | 129 | 8·6 | 138 | 8·9 | ||
| >6000 | 94 | 4·5 | 45 | 4·6 | 70 | 4·7 | 69 | 4·5 | ||
| PA (MET-h/d) | 17·6 | 7·0 | 15·7 | 7·18 | <0·001 | 17·6 | 7·0 | 16·4 | 6·7 | <0·001 |
| Serum TAG (mg/dl) | 1·50 | 1·10 | 1·59 | 1·40 | 0·049 | 1·30 | 1·01 | 1·76 | 1·33 | <0·001 |
| Diabetes | 147 | 7·1 | 100 | 10·3 | 0·002 | 98 | 6·5 | 149 | 9·6 | 0·002 |
| Heart disease | 455 | 21·4 | 166 | 17·1 | 0·007 | 294 | 19·6 | 317 | 20·5 | 0·572 |
| Stroke | 55 | 2·6 | 63 | 6·5 | <0·001 | 64 | 4·3 | 54 | 3·5 | 0·270 |
| Components of DASH diet | ||||||||||
| Energy (kJ/d) | 6699 | 1845 | 7862 | 2163 | <0·001 | 7050 | 1992 | 7096 | 2059 | 0·520 |
| Energy (kcal/d) | 1601 | 441 | 1879 | 517 | <0·001 | 1685 | 476 | 1696 | 492 | 0·520 |
| Vegetables (g/d) | 328 | 139 | 278 | 138 | <0·001 | 310 | 139 | 314 | 142 | 0·436 |
| Fruits (g/d) | 148 | 98 | 117 | 85 | <0·001 | 138 | 94 | 137 | 96 | 0·783 |
| Nuts and legumes (g/d) | 27·8 | 22·8 | 28·0 | 24·0 | 0·787 | 28·8 | 23·7 | 26·9 | 22·6 | 0·024 |
| Dairy products (g) | 16·6 | 14·6 | 13·3 | 14·2 | <0·001 | 15·4 | 13·7 | 15·8 | 15·3 | 0·392 |
| Whole grains and grain products (g/d) | 170 | 41 | 229 | 56 | <0·001 | 189 | 53 | 189 | 54 | 0·980 |
| Red and processed meats (g/d) | 152 | 137 | 193 | 151 | <0·001 | 161 | 142 | 168 | 144 | 0·181 |
| Sweetened beverages (ml/d) | 1·38 | 2·00 | 1·51 | 2·06 | 0·128 | 1·32 | 1·94 | 1·53 | 2·09 | 0·005 |
| DASH-DS†† | 24·4 | 4·4 | 24·2 | 4·4 | 0·253 | 24·6 | 4·2 | 24·1 | 4·5 | 0·004 |
NAFLD, non-alcoholic fatty liver disease; PA, physical activity; MET, metabolic equivalent of task; DASH, Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension; DASH-DS, DASH diet score.
Values are presented as means and sd (continuous variables) or as n and % (categorical variables).
†
Smoker: ≥1 cigarette/d in the past year.
‡
Tea drinker: ≥1 cup/week in the past year.
§
Alcohol drinker: >14 drinks/week for men and 7 drinks/week for women.
∥
Oestrogen user: use of oestrogen in postmenopausal women.
¶
Multivitamin user: ≥30 times in the past year.
††
DASH-DS: including eight components, range from 8 to 40.