Table 2.
Participant characteristics, according to sugar-sweetened beverage (SSB) intake, of the children and adolescents aged 7–18 years (n 5258) from three cities in urban China, September 2013–June 2014
| Non-SSB drinker (0 servings/d) (n 1756) | Medium intake (0–0·3 servings/d) (n 1931) | High intake (>0·3 servings/d) (n 1571) | P value | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Mean | se | Mean | se | Mean | se | ||
| Anthropometry and biochemistry | |||||||
| Height (cm) | 146·07 | 0·38 | 147·23* | 0·37 | 156·82*** | 0·41 | <0·001† |
| Weight (kg) | 40·86 | 0·37 | 41·90* | 0·36 | 51·10*** | 0·44 | <0·001† |
| BMI (kg/m2) | 18·46 | 0·09 | 18·67 | 0·09 | 20·18*** | 0·10 | <0·001† |
| WC (cm) | 65·17 | 0·26 | 66·04* | 0·25 | 70·89*** | 0·30 | <0·001† |
| SBP (mmHg) | 102·51 | 0·29 | 103·16 | 0·28 | 106·50*** | 0·32 | <0·001† |
| DBP (mmHg) | 64·73 | 0·21 | 65·13 | 0·19 | 66·98*** | 0·22 | <0·001† |
| TAG (mmol/l) | 0·89 | 0·01 | 0·90 | 0·01 | 0·95** | 0·01 | 0·002† |
| HDL-C (mmol/l) | 1·37 | 0·01 | 1·38 | 0·01 | 1·33*** | 0·01 | <0·001† |
| FG (mmol/l) | 4·78 | 0·01 | 4·83** | 0·01 | 4·86*** | 0·01 | <0·001† |
| n | % | n | % | n | % | ||
| MetS components | |||||||
| Abdominal obesity | 395 | 22·5 | 444 | 23·0 | 432 | 27·5** | 0·001‡ |
| Low HDL-C | 273 | 15·5 | 291 | 15·1 | 275 | 17·5 | 0·125 |
| Hypertriacylglycerolaemia | 92 | 5·2 | 104 | 5·4 | 101 | 6·4 | 0·273 |
| Elevated FG | 50 | 2·8 | 69 | 3·6 | 72 | 4·6** | 0·028‡ |
| High blood pressure | 53 | 3·0 | 46 | 2·4 | 66 | 4·2 | 0·008‡ |
| Parental attitudes | <0·001‡ | ||||||
| Always | 137 | 7·8 | 191 | 9·9* | 309 | 19·7*** | <0·001‡ |
| Sometimes | 692 | 39·4 | 977 | 50·6*** | 795 | 50·6*** | <0·001‡ |
| Never | 927 | 52·8 | 763 | 39·5*** | 467 | 29·7*** | <0·001‡ |
| Paternal education level | <0·001‡ | ||||||
| Primary school or below | 82 | 4·7 | 90 | 4·7 | 57 | 3·6 | 0·224 |
| Middle school or high school | 954 | 54·3 | 1148 | 59·4** | 998 | 63·5*** | <0·001‡ |
| Junior college or above | 719 | 40·9 | 493 | 35·9** | 516 | 32·8*** | <0·001‡ |
| Maternal education level | 0·017‡ | ||||||
| Primary school or below | 124 | 7·1 | 164 | 8·5 | 98 | 6·2 | 0·034‡ |
| Middle school or high school | 965 | 55·0 | 1101 | 57·0 | 924 | 58·8* | 0·079 |
| Junior college or above | 667 | 38·0 | 666 | 34·5* | 549 | 34·9 | 0·061 |
| Median | IQR | Median | IQR | Median | IQR | ||
| Dietary intake | |||||||
| Fruits (servings/d) | 1·0 | 0.7–2·0 | 1·0 | 0·7–2·0 | 1·0 | 0·7–2·0 | 0·996 |
| Vegetables (servings/d) | 2·0 | 1·0–2·0 | 1·5 | 1·0–2·0*** | 1·7 | 1·0–2·0** | <0·001§ |
| Meat (servings/d) | 1·0 | 0·5–1·4 | 1·0 | 0·4–1·1* | 1·0 | 0·9–2·0*** | <0·001§ |
| Dairy products (d/week) | 6·0 | 3·0–7·0 | 5·0 | 2·8–7·0* | 5·0 | 2·0–7·0 | 0·049§ |
| High-energy foods (d/week) | 1·0 | 0·0–2·0 | 2·0 | 1·0–3·0*** | 2·0 | 1·0–4·0*** | <0·001§ |
| Fried foods (d/week) | 0·0 | 0·0–1·0 | 1·0 | 0·0–2·0*** | 1·0 | 0·0–3·0*** | <0·001§ |
| Physical activity | |||||||
| Intensive physical activity (h/week) | 1·5 | 0·2–4·0 | 2·0 | 0·5–4·0** | 2·3 | 0·7–5·0*** | <0·001§ |
| Moderate physical activity (h/week) | 2·0 | 0·5–4·0 | 2·0 | 0·8–4·2* | 2·0 | 1·0–4·5** | 0·006§ |
| Walking (h/week) | 3·5 | 1·2–7·0 | 3·5 | 1·5–7·0** | 3·5 | 1·5–7·0* | 0·019§ |
| Sedentary behaviour (h/d) | 6·0 | 2·0–8·7 | 6·0 | 2·0–8·5 | 7·0 | 3·0–9·0*** | <0·001§ |
WC, waist circumference; SBP, systolic blood pressure; DBP, diastolic blood pressure; HDL-C, HDL-cholesterol; FG, fasting glucose; MetS, metabolic syndrome; IQR, interquartile range
*P < 0·05, **P < 0·01, ***P < 0·001, non-SSB drinker v. medium intake or non-SSB drinker v. high intake.
†
P < 0·05, assessed by one-way ANOVA.
‡
P < 0·05, assessed by the χ2 test.
§
P < 0·05, assessed by the Kruskal–Wallis test.