Table 3.

Double-hurdle model (instrumental variable (IV)) estimates of Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program (SNAP) participation on current SNAP-restricted food purchases and expenditures^†‡

	Purchase decision probit estimator (n 2513)		Expenditure decision OLS estimator (n 676)
	Coefficient	95 % CI	Coefficient	95 % CI
SNAP	0·39	–0·70, 1·48	–0·84	–2·54, 0·86
IV residuals	–0·27	–1·26, 0·73	0·63	–1·09, 2·35
	Pseudo R 2 = 0·03		R 2 = 0·07

OLS, ordinary least squares.

^†Model controls for household age composition, household income, employment status, race/ethnicity, education level, gender, marital status, location, region, vehicle ownership and store access. Parameter estimates for all covariates are available in the online Supplementary material, online Supplemental Table S1.

^‡Estimates are weighted. Jackknife Repeated Replication method used to estimate standard errors.

*, ** and *** indicate significance at the 0·05, 0·01 and 0·001 level, respectively.