Table 4.
Percentage of the total population and of ready-to-eat (RTE) cereal eaters above the Tolerable Upper Intake Level (UL) for nutrients fortified in RTE cereal for the US population aged ≥1 year*
| Total population aged ≥1 year (n 8167) | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Baseline | Zero fortification† | Optimized fortification† | ||||
| Nutrient | % above UL | se (%) | % above UL | se (%) | % above UL | se (%) |
| Retinol | 0·9 | 0·2 | 0·3 | 0·1 | 0·4 | 0·1 |
| Niacin‡ | 3·4 | 0·5 | 0·6 | 0·1 | 0·7 | 0·2 |
| Vitamin B6 | 0·0 | 0·0 | 0·0 | 0·0 | 0·0 | 0·0 |
| Folic acid | 0·3 | 0·1 | 0·0 | 0·0 | 0·0 | 0·0 |
| Vitamin C | 0·0 | 0·0 | 0·0 | 0·0 | 0·0 | 0·0 |
| Vitamin D | 0·0 | 0·0 | 0·0 | 0·0 | 0·0 | 0·0 |
| Ca | 0·3 | 0·0 | 0·2 | 0·0 | 0·3 | 0·0 |
| Fe | 0·0 | 0·0 | 0·0 | 0·0 | 0·0 | 0·0 |
| Zn | 2·8 | 0·3 | 1·4 | 0·2 | 2·0 | 0·2 |
Data are from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) 2013–2014, excluding pregnant and lactating women, using self-reported food intake from the first 24 h dietary recall. Data by age group (toddlers aged 1–3 years, children aged 4–12 years, adolescents aged 13–18 years and adults aged ≥19 years) are available in the online supplementary material.
For the zero-fortification scenario, we modelled removing all fortification of the nutrients listed in this table. In the optimized fortification scenario, we modelled fortification levels of 10 % of the Daily Value for vitamins A, C and D, riboflavin, niacin and Ca, and 20 % of the Daily Value for thiamin, vitamins B6 and B12, folic acid, Fe and Zn.
The UL for niacin is based on fortified or supplemental niacin only. Therefore, we identified fortified foods using the US Department of Agriculture’s Food and Nutrient Database for Dietary Studies 2013–2014 and considered 100 % of the niacin content of the foods from fortification for fortified foods, 0 % of the niacin content of the foods from fortification for unfortified foods and 75 % of the niacin content of the foods from fortification for partially fortified foods in calculating the percentage above the UL.
RTE cereal consumers were identified as those who reported consuming any quantity of RTE cereal in their first 24 h dietary recall in NHANES 2013–2014.