Table 4.

Coefficients and se from first difference regressions of daily energy content from food, total daily energy content and daily HEI-2010 score on meal skipping indicators and other intake characteristics

	(1)		(2)		(3)
	Daily energy content (food only)		Total daily energy content (food and drinks)		Daily HEI-2010
	Coefficient	se	Coefficient	se	Coefficient	se
Skip breakfast	−1014·24***	80·34	−1053·26***	101·46	−2·24***	0·39
Skip lunch	−1144·43***	81·61	−1201·25***	86·14	−2·26***	0·37
Skip dinner	−1432·10***	109·35	−1464·15***	125·11	−1·36**	0·53
Skip breakfast and lunch	−326·59*	165·54	−299·19*	171·98	1·19*	0·67
Skip breakfast and dinner	−470·89**	208·12	−501·32*	276·32	0·65	0·95
Skip lunch and dinner	−329·16	323·57	−505·31*	286·57	−1·60	1·61
Skip breakfast, lunch and dinner	960·09	823·73	1,123·47	877·86	−0·47	2·52
Number of snacks in the day	790·22***	29·12	831·95***	30·54	1·07***	0·13
Ratio of FAFH meals	12·91***	1·01	15·69***	1·35	−0·06***	0·01
Weekend	344·26***	48·66	494·24***	55·26	−1·90***	0·22
Constant	−161·82***	42·74	−358·92***	43·52	0·72***	0·19
Observations	23 488		23 488		23 488
R 2	0·12		0·11		0·04
Calculated full effect
Skipping breakfast and lunch	−2485·26***	129·59	−2553·70***	140·67	−3·31***	0·70
Skipping breakfast and dinner	−2917·24***	205·30	−3018·73***	257·01	−2·96***	0·91
Skipping lunch and dinner	−2905·69***	318·49	−3170·71***	275·21	−5·22***	1·49
Skipping breakfast, lunch and dinner	−3757·33***	623·73	−3901·01***	679·45	−6·10***	2·21

HEI, Healthy Eating Index; FAFH, food-away-from-home.

The ratio of FAFH meals = .

se account for complex survey design. National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) dietary intake day 2 weights (wtdr2d) were used to compute nationally representative estimates. Results are robust when eliminating those who skip dinner.

Source: Authors’ calculations using data from the 2007–2016 NHANES.

***P < 0·01, **P < 0·05, *P < 0·1.