Table 5.
Summary of results of effect of skipping breakfast, lunch and dinner on total HEI-2010 and the 12 component scores, first difference regression
| (1) | (2) | (3) | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Skip breakfast | Skip lunch | Skip dinner | ||||
| Coefficient | se | Coefficient | se | Coefficient | se | |
| Daily HEI-2010 score | −1·73*** | 0·35 | −1·72*** | 0·39 | −1·10** | 0·46 |
| Adequacy components, scores | ||||||
| Total vegetables | 0·10** | 0·05 | −0·17*** | 0·04 | −0·44*** | 0·07 |
| Greens and beans | −0·03 | 0·06 | −0·07 | 0·05 | −0·20*** | 0·07 |
| Total fruit | −0·29*** | 0·04 | −0·14** | 0·06 | 0·06 | 0·06 |
| Whole fruit | −0·31*** | 0·05 | −0·24*** | 0·05 | −0·05 | 0·07 |
| Whole grains | −0·83*** | 0·08 | −0·23*** | 0·08 | 0·21* | 0·11 |
| Total dairy | −0·33*** | 0·10 | −0·33*** | 0·10 | −0·22* | 0·12 |
| Total protein foods | 0·00 | 0·04 | −0·23*** | 0·04 | −0·31*** | 0·06 |
| Seafood and plant proteins | 0·00 | 0·06 | −0·30*** | 0·06 | −0·21*** | 0·08 |
| Fatty acids | 0·07 | 0·09 | 0·07 | 0·10 | 0·11 | 0·14 |
| Moderation components, scores | ||||||
| Na | 0·00 | 0·09 | 0·56*** | 0·09 | 0·61*** | 0·14 |
| Refined grains | 0·37*** | 0·10 | 0·20** | 0·10 | 0·23* | 0·13 |
| Empty energy | −0·48*** | 0·14 | −0·82*** | 0·17 | −0·89*** | 0·21 |
HEI, Healthy Eating Index.
se account for complex survey design. National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) dietary intake day 2 weights (wtdr2d) were used to compute nationally representative estimates. Addional controls include number of snacks in the day, the ratio of FAFH meals and whether the intake day was a weekend. Observations: 23 488.
Source: Authors’ estimations using data from the 2007–2016 NHANES.
***P < 0·01, **P < 0·05, *P < 0·1.