Table 7.

Coefficients and se from first difference regressions of daily energy content from food, total daily energy content and daily HEI-2010 score on meal skipping indicators and other intake characteristics, using a 837 kJ threshold

	(1)		(2)		(3)
	Daily energy content (food only)		Total daily energy content (food and drinks)		Daily HEI-2010
	Coefficient	se	Coefficient	se	Coefficient	se
Skip breakfast	−1286·43***	62·29	−1305·97***	68·45	−0·01	0·30
Skip lunch	−1478·11***	71·84	−1520·29***	85·24	−0·79**	0·39
Skip dinner	−1741·16***	98·59	−1721·41***	117·88	−0·42	0·59
Skip breakfast and lunch	−160·08	103·64	−146·43	115·23	−0·02	0·47
Skip breakfast and dinner	−229·35*	129·44	−305·89*	165·07	−0·55	0·78
Skip lunch and dinner	−345·79*	189·38	−675·96***	207·78	−1·18	1·16
Skip breakfast, lunch and dinner	473·68*	276·78	701·93**	318·99	0·08	1·66
Number of snacks in the day	1365·66***	40·33	1432·11***	42·14	0·38**	0·18
Ratio of FAFH meals	10·05***	0·92	12·69***	1·22	−0·07***	0·01
Weekend	242·07***	40·01	385·35***	49·43	−2·10***	0·23
Constant	−180·17***	36·30	−377·17***	36·64	0·73***	0·18
Observations	23 488		23 488		23 488
R 2	0·24		0·17		0·03
Calculated full effect
Skipping breakfast and lunch	−2924·62***	86·49	−2972·68***	99·54	−0·82	0·53
Skipping breakfast and dinner	−3256·94***	114·73	−3333·26***	140·90	−0·98	0·63
Skipping lunch and dinner	−3565·05***	178·57	−3917·66***	185·63	−2·38**	0·93
Skipping breakfast, lunch and dinner	−4767·23***	169·04	−4974·02***	189·03	−2·88***	1·04

HEI, Healthy Eating Index; FAFH, food-away-from-home.

The ratio of FAFH meals = .

se account for complex survey design. National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) dietary intake day 2 weights (wtdr2d) were used to compute nationally representative estimates.

Source: Authors’ calculations using data from the 2007–2016 NHANES.

***P < 0·01, **P < 0·05, *P < 0·1.