Table 2.
Trends in age-standardized fermented food intake for Korean adults, aged ≥19 years, from the 1998 to 2016 Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Surveys (KNHANES)
| KNHANES | ||||||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| I (1998) |
II (2001) |
III (2005) |
IV (2007–2009) |
V (2010–2012) |
VI (2013–2015) |
VII (2016) |
P for trend* | |||||||||
| n or mean | se | n or mean | se | n or mean | se | n or mean | se | n or mean | se | n or mean | se | n or mean | se | 1998 to 2016 | 2007–2009 to 2016 | |
| Men | 3480 | 3253 | 2918 | 6592 | 7129 | 6712 | 2240 | |||||||||
| Fermented food intake (g) | ||||||||||||||||
| Kimchi | 163·9 | 3·7 | 168·4 | 3·5 | 162·3 | 3·0 | 152·1 | 2·2 | 140·0 | 2·3 | 126·8 | 2·1 | 118·4 | 3·0 | <0·0001 | <0·0001 |
| Fermented red pepper paste | 5·1 | 0·3 | 6·3 | 0·3 | 8·4 | 0·4 | 8·0 | 0·3 | 8·4 | 0·3 | 8·3 | 0·2 | 7·5 | 0·4 | <0·0001 | 0·3958 |
| Fermented soyabean paste | 10·7 | 0·4 | 14·5 | 0·6 | 14·8 | 0·5 | 13·3 | 0·3 | 12·4 | 0·3 | 10·1 | 0·3 | 9·3 | 0·4 | <0·0001 | <0·0001 |
| Soya sauce | 7·7 | 0·3 | 7·4 | 0·2 | 9·4 | 0·3 | 8·4 | 0·2 | 8·3 | 0·2 | 8·0 | 0·2 | 8·0 | 0·3 | 0·4554 | 0·0727 |
| Salt-fermented seafood | 3·7 | 0·3 | 3·2 | 0·3 | 2·4 | 0·2 | 2·6 | 0·2 | 2·5 | 0·2 | 1·5 | 0·1 | 1·6 | 0·1 | <0·0001 | <0·0001 |
| Pickled vegetables | 5·1 | 0·4 | 7·3 | 0·7 | 7·8 | 0·4 | 8·0 | 0·3 | 10·3 | 0·4 | 10·1 | 0·4 | 10·6 | 0·6 | <0·0001 | 0·0002 |
| Total | 196·2 | 3·8 | 207·0 | 3·8 | 205·1 | 3·1 | 192·4 | 2·3 | 181·9 | 2·4 | 164·7 | 2·2 | 155·4 | 3·2 | <0·0001 | <0·0001 |
| Women | 4021 | 3839 | 3608 | 9595 | 10 265 | 9357 | 3190 | |||||||||
| Fermented food intake (g) | ||||||||||||||||
| Kimchi | 129·2 | 2·7 | 139·2 | 2·8 | 120·4 | 2·0 | 108·3 | 1·6 | 92·5 | 1·4 | 84·2 | 1·5 | 79·8 | 2·1 | <0·0001 | <0·0001 |
| Fermented red pepper paste | 3·3 | 0·2 | 3·8 | 0·2 | 6·1 | 0·2 | 4·6 | 0·2 | 4·7 | 0·2 | 5·3 | 0·2 | 4·6 | 0·3 | <0·0001 | 0·1778 |
| Fermented soyabean paste | 8·0 | 0·3 | 12·2 | 0·5 | 11·5 | 0·4 | 8·9 | 0·2 | 8·1 | 0·2 | 6·5 | 0·2 | 6·5 | 0·3 | <0·0001 | <0·0001 |
| Soya sauce | 6·3 | 0·3 | 6·0 | 0·2 | 7·4 | 0·2 | 5·6 | 0·1 | 6·1 | 0·1 | 6·0 | 0·1 | 5·7 | 0·2 | 0·0048 | 0·7900 |
| Salt-fermented seafood | 2·8 | 0·2 | 2·1 | 0·2 | 2·1 | 0·2 | 1·3 | 0·1 | 1·2 | 0·1 | 1·0 | 0·1 | 1·0 | 0·1 | <0·0001 | 0·0009 |
| Pickled vegetables | 3·3 | 0·3 | 5·9 | 0·4 | 5·8 | 0·3 | 6·7 | 0·2 | 8·1 | 0·3 | 8·1 | 0·3 | 7·9 | 0·4 | <0·0001 | 0·0256 |
| Total | 152·8 | 2·8 | 169·1 | 3·0 | 153·3 | 2·1 | 135·5 | 1·6 | 120·7 | 1·5 | 111·1 | 1·5 | 105·5 | 2·1 | <0·0001 | <0·0001 |
*
P for trend by multivariate linear regression, adjusting for age.