Table 3.

Sensitivity analyses of adjusting confounders for the primary outcomes

Outcomes	Study	Participants (n)	Adjusted variables	Pooled effect
				Effect size (SMD/OR)	95 % CI	P	Heterogeneity (I 2, %)
Birth weight	Kadawathagedara et al.(10)	1471	Study centre, maternal age and gestational age at delivery, parity, height, education level, tobacco consumption during pregnancy, sex, maternal weight gain, pre-pregnancy BMI, the interaction between maternal BMI and weight gain	–0·12	–0·19, –0·06	<0·001	0·0
	Nagata et al.(12)	204	Age, parity, smoking status, pre-pregnancy height and weight, weight gain, weeks of gestation at the time of blood sampling, total energy
	Pedersen et al.(11)	747	Gestational age, maternal smoking during pregnancy, passive smoking, sex, pre-pregnancy BMI, parity, maternal age, maternal ethnicity, maternal education, and maternal consumption of fruit and vegetables, fish, soft drinks
SGA	Duarte-Salles et al.(8)	50 651	Gestational age, parity, sex of the child, maternal age, maternal BMI, gestational weight gain, smoking during pregnancy	1·11	1·02, 1·20	0·017	46·9*
	Kadawathagedara et al.(10)	1471	Study centre, maternal age at delivery, education level, tobacco consumption during pregnancy, specific maternal weight gain during pregnancy
Head circumference	Nagata et al.(12)	204	Age, parity, smoking status, pre-pregnancy height and weight, weight gain, weeks of gestation at the time of blood sampling, total energy	0·10	–0·10, 0·31	0·321	71·3*
	Pedersen et al.(11)	713	Gestational age, maternal smoking during pregnancy, passive smoking, sex, pre-pregnancy BMI, parity, maternal age, maternal ethnicity, maternal education, and maternal consumption of fruit and vegetables, fish, soft drinks

SGA, small for gestational age.

^* P < 0·10.