Table 1.
Participant’s physical characteristics
| Variables | Total (n 87) | Male (n 40) | Female (n 47) | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Mean | se | Mean | se | Mean | se | |
| Age (years) | 23·48 | 3·96 | 23·65 | 4·13 | 23·34 | 3·84 |
| Race (%) | ||||||
| Asian | 23·0 | 25·0 | 21·3 | |||
| Non-Asian | 77·0 | 75·0 | 78·7 | |||
| Height (cm) | 170·60 | 8·17 | 177·00 | 5·01 | 165·15 | 6·11** |
| Weight (kg) | 69·44 | 11·09 | 76·01 | 9·07 | 63·77 | 9·43** |
| Waist circumference (cm) [WC1] | 75·33 | 8·46 | 80·65 | 7·29 | 70·80 | 6·57** |
| Waist circumference (cm) [WC2] | 79·74 | 8·892a | 83·91 | 8·20a | 76·19 | 7·93**a |
| Waist circumference (cm) [WC3] | 83·13 | 7·57ab | 84·75 | 7·21a | 82·08 | 7·79ab |
| Hip circumference (cm) | 98·63 | 6·23 | 98·55 | 5·19 | 98·69 | 7·05 |
| Thigh circumference (cm) | 49·51 | 4·19 | 50·90 | 3·39 | 48·33 | 4·47** |
| Percent body fat (%) (DXA_PBF) | 26·46 | 9·48 | 20·53 | 7·41 | 31·50 | 8·06** |
| Body mass index (kg/m2) | 23·76 | 2·73 | 24·28 | 2·66 | 23·31 | 2·74 |
| Waist to hip ratio [WC1] | 0·76 | 0·07 | 0·82 | 0·05 | 0·72 | 0·04** |
| Waist to hip ratio [WC2] | 0·81 | 0·06 | 0·85 | 0·05 | 0·77 | 0·04** |
| Waist to hip ratio [WC3] | 0·84 | 0·05 | 0·86 | 0·05 | 0·83 | 0·04* |
| Waist to height ratio [WC1] | 0·44 | 0·04 | 0·46 | 0·04 | 0·43 | 0·04* |
| Waist to height ratio [WC2] | 0·47 | 0·05 | 0·47 | 0·04 | 0·46 | 0·05 |
| Waist to height ratio [WC3] | 0·49 | 0·04 | 0·48 | 0·04 | 0·50 | 0·05* |
| Thigh to hip ratio | 0·50 | 0·03 | 0·52 | 0·02 | 0·49 | 0·03** |
| Thigh to height ratio | 0·29 | 0·02 | 0·29 | 0·02 | 0·29 | 0·02 |
| Thigh to waist ratio [WC1] | 0·66 | 0·05 | 0·63 | 0·04 | 0·68 | 0·05** |
| Thigh to waist ratio [WC2] | 0·62 | 0·05 | 0·61 | 0·04 | 0·64 | 0·05* |
| Thigh to waist ratio [WC3] | 0·60 | 0·05 | 0·60 | 0·04 | 0·60 | 0·05 |
| A body shape index [WC1] | 0·0698 | 0·0036 | 0·0724 | 0·0030 | 0·0676 | 0·0024** |
| A body shape index [WC2] | 0·0739 | 0·0037 | 0·0753 | 0·0035 | 0·0727 | 0·0035** |
| A body shape index [WC3] | 0·0772 | 0·0040 | 0·0758 | 0·0034 | 0·0784 | 0·0041* |
| Body roundness index [WC1] | 2·36 | 0·73 | 2·60 | 0·72 | 2·15 | 0·67* |
| Body roundness index [WC2] | 2·81 | 0·90 | 2·93 | 0·86 | 2·71 | 0·94 |
| Body roundness index [WC3] | 3·17 | 0·84 | 2·96 | 0·74 | 3·34 | 0·88* |
| Body adiposity index | 26·40 | 3·63 | 23·90 | 2·65 | 28·52 | 2·95** |
WC1, waist circumference measured at the narrowest width; WC2, waist circumference measured at the naval; WC3, waist circumference measured at the superior border of the iliac crest; DXA_PBF, percent body fat measured with a dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry.
*
Significant difference of P < 0·05 with males.
**
Significant difference of P < 0·001 with males.
a
Significant difference of P < 0·001 with WC1.
b
Significant difference of P < 0·001 with WC2.