Table 3.
CVD risk factors according to quartiles of energy-adjusted whole grain intake among participants of National Diet and Nutrition Survey Rolling Programme 2008–2014
| Q1 | Q2 | Q3 | Q4 | P for trend | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|
se |
|
se |
|
se |
|
se | ||
| BMI (kg/m2) (n 2658) | |||||||||
| Simple adjusted* | 25·83 | 0·24 | 26·37 | 0·26 | 26·05 | 0·20 | 25·60 | 0·21 | 0·31 |
| Total energy intake | 25·82 | 0·24 | 26·34 | 0·25 | 26·04 | 0·20 | 25·64 | 0·21 | 0·42 |
| Cereal fibre intake | 26·00 | 0·27 | 26·42 | 0·26 | 26·02 | 0·20 | 25·40 | 0·26 | 0·09 |
| Waist–hip ratio (n 2107) | |||||||||
| Simple adjusted* | 0·872 | 0·004 | 0·867 | 0·004 | 0·868 | 0·003 | 0·856 | 0·003 | 0·004 |
| Total energy intake | 0·872 | 0·004 | 0·866 | 0·004 | 0·868 | 0·003 | 0·856 | 0·003 | 0·006 |
| Cereal fibre intake | 0·872 | 0·004 | 0·866 | 0·004 | 0·868 | 0·003 | 0·857 | 0·004 | 0·04 |
| Systolic BP (mmHg) (n 1673) | |||||||||
| Simple adjusted* | 127·17 | 1·02 | 125·32 | 0·76 | 126·06 | 0·83 | 125·91 | 0·89 | 0·47 |
| Multivariate adjusted† | 127·12 | 1·02 | 125·22 | 0·79 | 126·16 | 0·84 | 125·97 | 0·91 | 0·56 |
| BMI and BP-lowering medication | 126·78 | 1·01 | 125·19 | 0·76 | 125·96 | 0·79 | 126·38 | 0·88 | 0·92 |
| Cereal fibre intake | 127·26 | 1·10 | 125·41 | 0·79 | 125·89 | 0·79 | 125·73 | 1·12 | 0·46 |
| Total cholesterol (mmol/l) (n 1481) | |||||||||
| Simple adjusted* | 5·05 | 0·07 | 5·08 | 0·07 | 5·06 | 0·07 | 5·04 | 0·06 | 0·91 |
| Multivariate adjusted‡ | 5·08 | 0·07 | 5·05 | 0·07 | 5·06 | 0·07 | 5·05 | 0·07 | 0·84 |
| BMI and lipid-lowering medication | 5·11 | 0·07 | 5·04 | 0·06 | 5·05 | 0·06 | 5·07 | 0·06 | 0·71 |
| Cereal fibre intake | 5·09 | 0·08 | 5·03 | 0·07 | 5·05 | 0·06 | 5·09 | 0·08 | 0·94 |
| HDL-cholesterol (mmol/l) (n 1481) | |||||||||
| Simple adjusted* | 1·49 | 0·03 | 1·47 | 0·03 | 1·51 | 0·03 | 1·53 | 0·02 | 0·21 |
| Multivariate adjusted‡ | 1·50 | 0·03 | 1·47 | 0·03 | 1·51 | 0·03 | 1·53 | 0·03 | 0·28 |
| BMI and lipid-lowering medication | 1·50 | 0·03 | 148 | 0·02 | 1·51 | 0·02 | 1·51 | 0·02 | 0·71 |
| Cereal fibre intake | 1·51 | 0·03 | 1·48 | 0·02 | 1·51 | 0·02 | 1·49 | 0·03 | 0·81 |
| LDL-cholesterol (mmol/l) (n 1465) | |||||||||
| Simple adjusted* | 3·02 | 0·06 | 3·08 | 0·07 | 3·04 | 0·07 | 3·02 | 0·06 | 0·92 |
| Multivariate adjusted‡ | 3·04 | 0·06 | 3·05 | 0·07 | 3·04 | 0·07 | 3·03 | 0·06 | 0·84 |
| BMI and lipid-lowering medication | 3·07 | 0·05 | 3·03 | 0·06 | 3·03 | 0·06 | 3·05 | 0·06 | 0·77 |
| Cereal fibre intake | 3·05 | 0·07 | 3·02 | 0·06 | 3·04 | 0·06 | 3·07 | 0·07 | 0·82 |
| C-reactive protein (mg/l) (n 1481) | |||||||||
| Simple adjusted* | 3·58 | 0·45 | 2·74 | 0·30 | 2·63 | 0·46 | 1·74 | 0·24 | 0·003 |
| Multivariate adjusted‡ | 3·50 | 0·44 | 2·72 | 0·31 | 2·67 | 0·44 | 1·78 | 0·27 | 0·008 |
| BMI and lipid-lowering medication | 3·44 | 0·44 | 2·60 | 0·32 | 2·64 | 0·44 | 1·91 | 0·28 | 0·02 |
| Cereal fibre intake | 3·31 | 0·45 | 2·55 | 0·31 | 2·66 | 0·43 | 2·09 | 0·36 | 0·11 |
| TAG (mmol/l) (n 1477) | |||||||||
| Simple adjusted* | 1·09 | 0·04 | 1·12 | 0·04 | 1·05 | 0·03 | 1·02 | 0·03 | 0·09 |
| Multivariate adjusted§ | 1·09 | 0·04 | 1·11 | 0·04 | 1·06 | 0·03 | 1·02 | 0·04 | 0·15 |
| BMI and lipid-lowering medication | 1·09 | 0·03 | 1·09 | 0·03 | 1·06 | 0·03 | 1·05 | 0·03 | 0·41 |
| Cereal fibre intake | 1·06 | 0·04 | 1·08 | 0·04 | 1·06 | 0·03 | 1·09 | 0·04 | 0·83 |
| Fasting glucose (mmol/l) (n 1416) | |||||||||
| Simple adjusted* | 5·22 | 0·08 | 5·25 | 0·06 | 5·23 | 0·07 | 5·18 | 0·06 | 0·61 |
| Energy intake | 5·22 | 0·08 | 5·25 | 0·06 | 5·23 | 0·07 | 5·17 | 0·06 | 0·60 |
| BMI | 5·22 | 0·08 | 5·24 | 0·06 | 5·22 | 0·06 | 5·20 | 0·06 | 0·82 |
| Cereal fibre intake | 5·21 | 0·10 | 5·23 | 0·06 | 5·23 | 0·06 | 5·22 | 0·07 | 0·98 |
| HbA1c (%) (n 1445) | |||||||||
| Simple adjusted* | 5·59 | 0·05 | 5·59 | 0·04 | 5·54 | 0·03 | 5·54 | 0·03 | 0·23 |
| Energy intake | 5·59 | 0·05 | 5·59 | 0·04 | 5·54 | 0·03 | 5·54 | 0·03 | 0·25 |
| BMI | 5·59 | 0·05 | 5·58 | 0·04 | 5·53 | 0·03 | 5·55 | 0·03 | 0·34 |
| Cereal fibre intake | 5·66 | 0·05 | 5·60 | 0·05 | 5·53 | 0·03 | 5·47 | 0·04 | 0·01 |
| Homocysteine (µmol/l) (n 1250) | |||||||||
| Simple adjusted* | 10·22 | 0·31 | 9·25 | 0·28 | 9·08 | 0·18 | 8·52 | 0·17 | <0·0001 |
| Multivariate adjusted‖ | 10·17 | 0·31 | 9·25 | 0·28 | 9·12 | 0·18 | 8·52 | 0·17 | <0·0001 |
| BMI | 10·14 | 0·30 | 9·25 | 0·28 | 9·12 | 0·18 | 8·52 | 0·17 | <0·0001 |
| Cereal fibre intake | 9·95 | 0·30 | 9·15 | 0·27 | 9·14 | 0·18 | 8·76 | 0·26 | 0·01 |
| Relative risk score (n 1182) | |||||||||
| Simple adjusted* | 1·83 | 0·07 | 1·63 | 0·08 | 1·54 | 0·06 | 1·56 | 0·06 | 0·004 |
| Total energy intake | 1·83 | 0·07 | 1·63 | 0·08 | 1·54 | 0·06 | 1·56 | 0·06 | 0·004 |
| Cereal fibre intake | 1·79 | 0·08 | 1·61 | 0·08 | 1·53 | 0·06 | 1·64 | 0·10 | 0·26 |
| Relative risk score (n 1023) (smokers excluded) | |||||||||
| Simple adjusted* | 1·58 | 0·05 | 1·42 | 0·04 | 1·42 | 0·05 | 1·46 | 0·05 | 0·15 |
| Total energy intake | 1·57 | 0·05 | 1·42 | 0·04 | 1·42 | 0·05 | 1·47 | 0·05 | 0·19 |
| Cereal fibre intake | 1·62 | 0·06 | 1·44 | 0·04 | 1·40 | 0·05 | 1·43 | 0·07 | 0·05 |
BP, blood pressure.
*
Adjusted for age and sex.
†
Adjusted for age, sex, total energy, ethnicity, smoking status, Na.
‡
Adjusted for age, sex, total energy, ethnicity, smoking status, alcohol, saturated fat, trans fat.
§
Adjusted for age, sex, total energy, ethnicity, smoking status, alcohol, saturated fat, trans fat, non-milk extrinsic sugar.
‖
Adjusted for age, sex, total energy, ethnicity, smoking status, alcohol.