Table 1.
Characteristics of the study sample of pregnant women (n 1910) from Southwest China, 2017
| Total (n 1910) | Non-GDM (n 1290) | GDM (n 620) | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Characteristic* | Mean or n | sd or % | Mean or n | sd or % | Mean or n | sd or % | P † |
| Gestational age at enrolment (weeks) | 11·1 | 1·8 | 11·1 | 1·8 | 11·1 | 1·8 | 0·837 |
| Gestational age at weight measured in the second trimester (weeks) | 25·5 | 1·8 | 25·6 | 1·9 | 25·2 | 1·8 | <0·001 |
| Weight at enrolment (kg) | 52·9 | 7·9 | 52·1 | 7·6 | 54·5 | 8·3 | <0·001 |
| Maternal age (years) | 28·7 | 4·0 | 28·3 | 3·8 | 29·6 | 4·2 | <0·001 |
| <25 years | 160 | 8·4 | 121 | 9·4 | 39 | 6·3 | <0·001 |
| 25–29 years | 1035 | 54·2 | 747 | 57·9 | 288 | 46·5 | |
| 30–35 years | 529 | 27·7 | 324 | 25·1 | 205 | 33·1 | |
| ≥35 years | 186 | 9·7 | 98 | 7·6 | 88 | 14·2 | |
| Pre-pregnancy BMI (kg/m2) | 20·9 | 2·7 | 20·5 | 2·6 | 21·5 | 2.8 | <0·001 |
| Underweight (<18·5 kg/m2) | 336 | 17·6 | 276 | 21·4 | 60 | 9·7 | <0·001 |
| Normal (18·5–23·9 kg/m2) | 1348 | 70·6 | 887 | 68·8 | 461 | 74·4 | |
| Overweight/obese (≥24·0 kg/m2) | 226 | 11·8 | 127 | 9·8 | 99 | 16·0 | |
| GWG-F (kg) | 0·7 | 2·5 | 0·6 | 2·5 | 0·9 | 2·5 | <0·05 |
| Underweight | 0·9 | 1·8 | 0·9 | 1·9 | 1·0 | 1·7 | 0·708 |
| Normal | 0·6 | 2·5 | 0·5 | 2·5 | 0·9 | 2·4 | <0·05 |
| Overweight/obese | 0·6 | 3·4 | 0·5 | 3·5 | 0·6 | 3·3 | 0·834 |
| RGWG-S (kg/week) | 0·5 | 0·2 | 0·5 | 0·2 | 0·4 | 0·2 | <0·001 |
| Underweight | 0·6 | 0·2 | 0·6 | 0·2 | 0·5 | 0·2 | 0·082 |
| Normal | 0·5 | 0·2 | 0·5 | 0·2 | 0·4 | 0·2 | <0·001 |
| Overweight/obese | 0·4 | 0·2 | 0·4 | 0·2 | 0·3 | 0·3 | 0·135 |
| Ethnology (Han Chinese) | 1867 | 97·8 | 1261 | 97·8 | 606 | 97·7 | 0·905 |
| Parity | |||||||
| Primiparous | 1446 | 75·9 | 1012 | 78·7 | 434 | 70·.0 | <0·001 |
| Multiparous | 460 | 24·1 | 274 | 21·3 | 186 | 30·0 | |
| Education (schooling years) | |||||||
| ≤12 | 431 | 22·8 | 292 | 22·9 | 139 | 22·5 | 0·905 |
| 13–15 | 631 | 33·4 | 428 | 33·6 | 203 | 32·9 | |
| ≥16 | 829 | 43·8 | 554 | 43·5 | 275 | 44·6 | |
| Average personal income per month (Yuan) | |||||||
| <3000 | 107 | 5·6 | 72 | 5·6 | 35 | 5·7 | 0·188 |
| 3000–4999 | 582 | 30·6 | 408 | 31·8 | 174 | 28·2 | |
| 5000–9999 | 819 | 43·1 | 555 | 43·3 | 264 | 42·9 | |
| ≥10 000 | 391 | 20·6 | 248 | 19·3 | 143 | 23·2 | |
| Employment | 1267 | 66·6 | 886 | 69·1 | 381 | 61·5 | 0·001 |
| Family history of diabetes | 206 | 10·8 | 126 | 9·8 | 80 | 12·9 | 0·039 |
| Family history of hypertension | 505 | 26·4 | 321 | 24·9 | 184 | 29·7 | 0·026 |
| Family history of thyroid diseases | 94 | 4·9 | 67 | 5·2 | 27 | 4·4 | 0·427 |
| Regular exercise before pregnancy | 496 | 26·0 | 330 | 25·6 | 166 | 26·8 | 0·577 |
| Drinking before 6 months of pregnancy | 98 | 5·1 | 63 | 4·9 | 35 | 5·6 | 0·489 |
| Frequent exposure to a second-hand smoking environment frequently before 6 months of pregnancy | 500 | 26·2 | 353 | 27·4 | 147 | 23·7 | 0·087 |
GDM, gestational diabetes mellitus; GWG-F, gestational weight gain in the first trimester; RGWG-S, rate of gestational weight gain in the second trimester.
*
The data are presented as mean and sd for continuous variables or as n and % for categorical variables.
†
Tests for differences between GDM and non-GDM were performed using the Wilcoxon two-sample test for non-normally distributed continuous variables or the χ 2 test for categorical variables; P < 0·05 indicates significance.