Table 3.
Unadjusted and adjusted* relative risk ratios (RRR) and 95 % confidence intervals of being a respiratory disease case rather than a control (n 397), according to the intake of flavonoids†, among adults from the GEIRD (Genes Environment Interaction in Respiratory Diseases) population-based multi-case–control study in Pavia, Torino, Sassari and Verona, Italy, 2007–2010
| Flavonoid intake (per mg/d increase of 1 sd) | CA (n 159) | PA (n 78) | CB (n 47) | AR (n 167) | NAR (n 142) | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| RRR | 95 % CI | RRR | 95 % CI | RRR | 95 % CI | RRR | 95 % CI | RRR | 95 % CI | |
| Total flavonoids (unadjusted) | 0·98 | 0·81, 1·18 | 0·94 | 0·73, 1·21 | 0·94 | 0·69, 1·28 | 0·93 | 0·77, 1·12 | 0·99 | 0·82, 1·20 |
| Total flavonoids (adjusted) | 1·05 | 0·80, 1·37 | 0·92 | 0·65, 1·30 | 1·12 | 0·72, 1·73 | 0·94 | 0·72, 1·22 | 1·02 | 0·77, 1·34 |
| Flavanones (unadjusted) | 1·01 | 0·85, 1·20 | 0·80 | 0·60, 1·07 | 0·81 | 0·57, 1·16 | 0·98 | 0·82, 1·17 | 0·86 | 0·69, 1·06 |
| Flavanones (adjusted) | 1·09 | 0·81, 1·45 | 0·67 | 0·42, 1·08 | 0·97 | 0·52, 1·79 | 0·88 | 0·66, 1·19 | 0·68 | 0·47, 0·97 |
| Anthocyanins (unadjusted) | 0·93 | 0·77, 1·12 | 0·93 | 0·73, 1·19 | 0·92 | 0·68, 1·26 | 0·95 | 0·79, 1·13 | 0·96 | 0·79, 1·15 |
| Anthocyanins (adjusted) | 0·83 | 0·62, 1·11 | 1·14 | 0·76, 1·71 | 0·97 | 0·62, 1·53 | 0·93 | 0·70, 1·25 | 0·98 | 0·71, 1·35 |
| Flavan-3-ols (unadjusted) | 0·98 | 0·81, 1·19 | 0·98 | 0·76, 1·27 | 1·05 | 0·78, 1·41 | 0·93 | 0·76, 1·13 | 1·04 | 0·86, 1·26 |
| Flavan-3-ols (adjusted) | 0·98 | 0·79, 1·22 | 0·89 | 0·66, 1·20 | 1·08 | 0·76, 1·54 | 0·92 | 0·74, 1·15 | 1·06 | 0·86, 1·32 |
| Flavonols (unadjusted) | 0·88 | 0·72, 1·07 | 0·93 | 0·72, 1·20 | 1·20 | 0·92, 1·56 | 0·93 | 0·77, 1·12 | 0·97 | 0·80, 1·18 |
| Flavonols (adjusted) | 0·81 | 0·63, 1·06 | 0·98 | 0·71, 1·36 | 1·37 | 0·97, 1·94 | 0·88 | 0·69, 1·13 | 0·94 | 0·73, 1·21 |
| Flavones (unadjusted) | 1·04 | 0·87, 1·24 | 0·94 | 0·73, 1·21 | 1·14 | 0·86, 1·49 | 0·94 | 0·78, 1·13 | 0·96 | 0·79, 1·16 |
| Flavones (adjusted) | 0·93 | 0·71, 1·22 | 1·03 | 0·71, 1·51 | 1·00 | 0·69, 1·47 | 0·81 | 0·62, 1·07 | 0·95 | 0·71, 1·27 |
| Polymers (unadjusted) | 0·98 | 0·82, 1·18 | 0·96 | 0·75, 1·23 | 0·93 | 0·67, 1·27 | 0·93 | 0·77, 1·12 | 1·01 | 0·83, 1·22 |
| Polymers (adjusted) | 1·08 | 0·84, 1·39 | 0·97 | 0·70, 1·33 | 1·09 | 0·72, 1·66 | 0·98 | 0·76, 1·26 | 1·03 | 0·80, 1·34 |
| Proanthocyanidins (unadjusted) | 1·02 | 0·85, 1·22 | 0·96 | 0·75, 1·24 | 0·95 | 0·69, 1·30 | 0·95 | 0·79, 1·15 | 1·01 | 0·83, 1·22 |
| Proanthocyanidins (adjusted) | 1·11 | 0·88, 1·41 | 0·95 | 0·69, 1·29 | 1·05 | 0·70, 1·58 | 1·00 | 0·78, 1·26 | 1·03 | 0·81, 1·32 |
CA, current asthma; PA, past asthma; CB, chronic bronchitis; AR, allergic rhinitis; NAR, non-allergic rhinitis.
*
The estimates were adjusted for age, gender, centre, study cohort, BMI, smoking habits, alcohol intake, educational level, total fruit intake, vitamin C intake and total energy intake.
†
Significant results are shown in bold.