Table 1.
25-Hydroxyvitamin D deficiency and postpartum depressive symptoms
| Study | Sample size (all antepartum women) | Study information | Serum collection time(s) | 25(OH)D assay | Depression scale | Time of depression scale administration | Results |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Gur et al. (2014)(24) | n 179 | Prospective, in Turkey | 24–28 weeks’ gestation | ELISA | EPDS≥12 (Turkish version) | PP at 1 and 6 weeks, and 6 months | Low 25(OH)D in the second trimester was associated with increased risk of depressive symptoms at 1 week, 6 weeks and 6 months PP |
| Accortt et al. (2016)(30) | n 91 | Prospective, secondary analysis, all African-American participants (USA) | 9·7 weeks’ gestation (average) | CLIA | EPDS≥12 (also CES-D) | PP at 4–6 weeks | Inverse association between prenatal log 25(OH)D and PPD symptomatology approached significance (P=0·058) |
| Vaziri et al. (2016)(28) | n 136 | Interventional RCT, supplementation with 25 µg (2000 IU) cholecalciferol, in Iran | 26–28 weeks’ gestation, at parturition | CLIA | EPDS (Persian version) | 26–28 and 38–40 weeks gestation, PP at weeks 4 and 8 | Consumption of 50 µg (2000 IU) cholecalciferol was effective in decreasing PPD score in intervention arm |
| Williams et al. (2016)(26) | n 105 | Prospective, in USA, secondary analysis of RCT, supplementation with n-3 fatty acids, high risk for PPD at enrolment (EPDS score=9–19) | 12–20 and 34–36 weeks’ gestation | RIA | BDI (also MINI) | 12–20 weeks’ gestation, 34–36 weeks’ gestation and PP at 6–8 weeks | Low 25(OH)D in early pregnancy associated with higher depressive symptoms in early and late pregnancy, but not with PP depressive symptoms |
| Lamb et al. (2018)(28) | n 126 | Prospective, in USA | 14 and 32 weeks. gestation, 6 weeks PP | LC-MS | EPDS≥10 | 14 and 32 weeks’ gestation, 10 weeks PP | Inverse association between depressive symptoms and 25(OH)D concentrations |
25(OH)D, 25-hydroxyvitamin D; RCT, randomized controlled trial; PPD, postpartum depression; EPDS, Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale; CLIA, chemiluminescence immunoassay; CES-D, Center for Epidemiological Studies Depression Scale; BDI, Beck Depression Inventory; MINI, Mini International Neuropsychiatric Interview; PP, postpartum.